Exam IV Flashcards
Ch. 8, 9 & 10
After chromosomes are duplicated, each of the new copies is called a:
sister chromatid
Withing chromosomes DNA is wrapped around proteins called:
histones
A human karyotype showing 22 pairs of autosomes and two x chromosomes would be:
a normal female
The building blocks of nucleic acids are:
nucleotides
Amino acids are part of the DNA molecule. True or false
False
In DNA, complementary base paring occurs bw:
Guanine and Cytosine
Rosalind Franklin used this technique to determine many of the physical characteristics of DNA:
X-ray diffraction
Each DNA strand has a backbone that consists of alternating the following;
Sugar and Phosphate molecules
Replication of DNA is called semi-conservative bc it involves:
an old and new half
DNA polymerase;
An enzyme, adds new nucleotides to a DNA strand, proof reads DNA strands to see that they are correct, and can make rare mistakes that result in mutations.
This form of RNA carries the code from the DNA to the site where the protein is assembled:
Messenger RNA
This form of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes where amino acids are linked into a poly peptide chain:
Transfer RNA
What pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine
What pairs with adenine in RNA?
Uracil
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the process of transcription?
RNA polymerase
The portion of the RNA molecule that is translated is composed of:
Exons
The portion of RNA molecule that is cut out and not translated is composed of:
introns
The genetic code is composed of codons, which are:
sequences of three nucleotides
If the DNA sequence where ATGCGT, the mRNA sequence would be:
UACGCA
The first in translation is called:
initiation
Termination of protein translation is due to:
a stop codon
The process by which cells become specialized is called:
differentiation
Points of control over gene expression include:
a. speeding up, slowing down, or stopping transcription.
b. processing the mRNA molecule in different ways before it leaves the cytoplasm.
c. inhibition of translation by microRNA
d. post-translational modifications of the polypeptide.
These genes, also called master genes, control the expression of many other genes. They are especially important in the formation of body parts during embryonic development:
homeotic
Experiments that utilize the deletion of a gene are called:
knockout
A mammalian female:
usually has one barr body and is a mosaic of cells with an activated paternal X chromosome and cells with an inactivated maternal X chromosome
the region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds just prior to transcription is called:
the promoter sequence
Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific regions of DNA and affect the rate of transcription. examples include:
activators and repressors
Deletions and insertions, which change the reading frame of the codon sequence are examples of:
Frameshift mutation
