Exam In Funda Lec Flashcards
Affects patients comfort safety and well-being
Personal Hygiene
Functions as protection, secretion excretion, temperature regulation, and sensation
Skin
Shields underlying tissue
Epidermis
Contains bundles of collagen, nerve fibers, blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles
Dermis
Lies just beneath the skin it contains blood vessels, nerves lymph, and loose connective tissue filled with fat cells
Subcutaneous tissue
Is transparent, smooth, and convex with a pink nail bed, and a translucent white tip
Normal Nail
Is lined with mucous membranes
Oral cavity
What is Xerostomia?
Dry mouth
Is light pink, soft, moist, smooth, and without lesions.
Normal oral mucosa
It is the inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
Medical term for tooth decay?
Dental caries
Is an important aid to appetite
Sense of smell
Removes tartar at the gum line
Flossing
Removes particles, plaque, and bacteria. It massages the gums and relieves unpleasant odors and tastes
Brushing
Is more effective than use of pediculicidal shampoos in the case of head lice
Combing
Coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous system
Body mechanics
Also refers to posture
Alignment and Balance
Weight force exerted on the body
Gravity
Force that occurs in a direction opposite to movement
Friction
Provides attachments for muscles and ligaments, protects vital organs, aids in calcium regulation
Skeletal system
Are working elements of movement
Skeletal muscles
Regulates movement and posture
Nervous System
refers to a person’s ability to move about freely
Mobility
- refers to a person’s inability to move
- disrupts normal metabolic functioning
Immobility
CBR s BRP’s
Complete Bed rest without Bathroom Privileges
CBR
Complete Bed Rest
Due to prolonged lying position or sitting position, the patient’s blood pressure may suddenly drop.
Orthostatic Hypotension
Can cause thrombi or blockage. That can cause the formation of plaque
Thrombus Formation
Decreased urine flow
Urinary Stasis
Formation of stones in the kidney
Renal Calculi
Very common in CBR patient’s
Due to pressure and friction
Pressure Ulcer
Death of tissue cells
Necrosis
Decreased oxygen levels
Due to low oxygen level, it can lead to necrosis
Ischemia
This system helps maintain homeostasis
Endocrine System
is responsible for the elasticity of the skin
Collagen formation
Intake medication _________ before you initiate certain movement for the medication to work
30 minutes
A strategy to reduce orthostatic hypotension
Dangling the lower extremities for 2 mins
Relationship of one body part to another
Body Alignment
o Achieved by low center of gravity; enhanced by posture
Body Balance
o A result of weight, center of gravity, and balance
Coordinated body movement
o Force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement
Friction
There’s a movement or change in length of muscle
Isotonic exercises
There is contraction of muscle but no movement
Isometric exercises
No contraction and no movement
Resistive isometric exercises
When moving a patient, knowledge of___________ is crucial.
safe transfer and positioning
holds the handgrips on the upper bars, takes a step, moves the walker forward, and takes another step.
The nurse side should be on the weaker side of the patient
Walkers
Keep the ambulation device on stronger side of the body
it is forward 6 to 10 inches, keeping body weight on both legs
Weaker leg is moved forward;
Stronger leg is advanced past the modulation device
Canes
Up with the good
Down with the bad
Assist in the weak side of the patient
Crutches
Top layer of skin
Epidermis
Inner layer of skin
Dermis
Separates dermis and epidermis
Dermal-epidermal junction
Other term for pressure ulcer
Pressure sore
decubitus ulcer
Bed sore
decreased oxygen levels on the skin
Tissue ischemia
a wound that is shallow in depth, moist and painful, and the wound base generally appears red
Partial-thickness wounds
type of wound that extends into the subcutaneous layer, and the depth and tissue type will vary depending on body location.
Full-thickness wounds
Formation of clot
Hematoma
complications of wound healing: opening of a wound
Dehiscence
complications of wound healing: contents are exposed
Evisceration
a standardized, evidence-based assessment tool commonly used in health care to assess and document a patient’s risk for developing pressure injuries.
Braden Scale
Stage of pressure ulcer wherein intact skin with nonblanchable redness.
Stage 1
Stage of pressure ulcer that wherein, partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis, or both.
Stage 2
Stage of pressure ulcer wherein, full-thickness tissue loss with visible fat.
Stage 3
Stage of pressure ulcer wherein, full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon.
Stage 4
procedure to remove the necrosis
Debridement
Protects from microorganisms
Aids in hemostasis
Promotes healing by absorbing drainage or debriding a wound
Supports wound site
Promotes thermal insulation
Provides a moist environment
Dressings
o is a temporary state of unconsciousness in which the brain is primarily responsive to internal rather than external stimuli
o natural cyclic process that is self-regulated and easily reversible to wakefulness
Sleep
- Is characterized by rapid eye movements under the eyelids
- Also known as “paradoxical” sleep
- Most dreams occur
- Vital signs are up but there is a total inhibition of skeletal muscles
Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
- is the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep
- Sleeper is easily awoken with light stimulation
- Last a few minutes
N1
- a deeper sleep state where stronger stimuli are required to produce awakening
- Brain activity is slower and more irregular with short burst of “sleep spindles” and “K-complexes”
- Memory consolidation occurs in this stage
N2
- is deeper than N2
- Slow delta-waves dominate muscles relax, vital signs are at their lowest and difficult to wake the sleeper
N3
The sequence of stages repeats itself for ________ in a typical night
4 to 5 times
Duration of N2 and REM ________while N3 ________
increases - decreases
Is the body’s need for sleep or pressure to sleep
Homeostatic drive
- Thought to be a substance that accumulates with waking hours and drives the pressure to sleep
Adenosine
- Promote wakefulness by acting as an antagonist of adenosine
Caffeine
o Affected by light, temperature, social activities, and work routines.
o The biological rhythm of sleep frequently becomes synchronized with other body functions.
Circadian Rhythms
o VLPO uses ________ to inhibit wake promoting regions of the brain
GABA
o The master clock is located in the __________, the SCN of the Hypothalamus
suprachiasmatic nucleus
is most active in day and least active in night
SCN or suprachiasmatic nucleus
o Sleep promoting region is located in the ___________, VLPO of the Hypothalamus
ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
is inhibited by the SCN and activated by adenosine
VLPO or Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
o Occur in NREM and REM sleep
o Important for learning, memory, and adaptation to stress
Dreams
Sleep cycle lasts _________ minutes
90 - 100 mins
o Somnambulism (sleepwalking), Night terrors, Nightmares, Nocturnal enuresis (bed-wetting), Body rocking, Bruxism
Parasomnias
o Emotional stress, Medications, Environmental disturbances, Symptoms
Sleep deprivation
o Cataplexy, Sleep paralysis
Narcolepsy
o Primary central sleep apnea, central sleep apnea caused by medical condition, obstructive sleep apnea syndromes, excessive daytime sleepiness
Sleep apnea
o Adjustments sleep disorder (acute insomnia), Inadequate sleep hygiene, Behavioral insomnia of childhood, Insomnia caused by medical condition.
Insomnia
Involves physical, emotional, and cognitive components
5th vital sign
is subjective and individualized
Reduces quality of life
Not measurable objectively
Pain
o Converts energy produced by these stimuli into electrical energy.
o Begins in the periphery when a pain-producing stimulus sends an impulse across a sensory peripheral pain nerve fiber (nociceptor), initiating an action potential.
Transduction
o Sending of impulse across a sensory pain nerve fiber (nociceptor)
o Nerve impulses
o Pain impulses
Transmission
sensory pain nerve fiber
Nociceptor
identifies the location and intensity of pain, whereas the association cortex, primarily the limbic system, determines how a person feels about it
somatosensory cortex
o The point at which a person is aware of pain.
Perception
o Inhibits pain impulses
o A protective reflex response occurs with pain reception.
Modulation