Exam III Microbiology: Chapter 10 Flashcards
Founded the antibiotic Penicillin in 1928
Alexander Fleming
Describe the goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent without harming the host’s cells
What must:
Be easy to administer and able to reach the infectious agent anywhere in the body
An “ideal” drug
What are common metabolic products of aerobic bacteria and fungi that are produced to inhibit the growth of competing microbes in the same habitat?
Antibiotics
What are derived from:
Bacteria in the genera: Streptomyces and Bacillus
Molds in the genera: Penicillium and Cephalosporium
Antibiotics
Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease
Chemotherapuetic Drug
Use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk
Prophylaxis
The use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
All-inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug regardless of its origin
Antimicrobials
Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms
Antibiotics
Drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources
Semisynthetic Drugs
Drugs produced entirely by chemical reactions
Synthetic Drugs
Antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types
For example: A drug effective mainly against gram-positive bacteria
Narrow (Limited) Spectrum
Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types
For example: A drug effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Broad (Extended) Spectrum
What must:
Be selectively toxic - absolutely toxic to the infectious agent and absolutely nontoxic to the host
An “ideal” drug
What must:
Remain in the body as long as needed and be safely and easily broken down and excreted
An “ideal”
The nature of the microorganism causing the infection is?
One of the three factors that must be known before actual antimicrobial therapy can begin
The degree of the microorganism’s susceptibility (or sensitivity) to various drugs is?
One of the three factors that must be known before actual antimicrobial therapy can begin
The overall medical condition of the patient is?
One of the three factors that must be known before actual antimicrobial therapy can begin
What technique measures the zone of inhibition surrounding the discs, and is measured and compared with a standard for each drug?
This technique also looks for susceptibility and resistance
Kirby-Bauer technique
In which technique is the antimicrobial diluted serially in tubes of broth, each tube is inoculated with a small uniform sample of pure culture, and the smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth (Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
Tube dilution tests
What are some laboratory techniques that test for drug susceptibility?
Tube dilution tests
Kirby-Bauer technique
What laboratory test can be expanded to determine a MBC (Minimum bactericidal concentration)?
Tube dilution tests
The ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective (therapeutic) dose is referred to as?
Therapeutic index