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Microbiology Exam III > Exam III Microbiology: Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Exam III Microbiology: Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Founded the antibiotic Penicillin in 1928

A

Alexander Fleming

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2
Q

Describe the goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

A

Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent without harming the host’s cells

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3
Q

What must:

Be easy to administer and able to reach the infectious agent anywhere in the body

A

An “ideal” drug

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4
Q

What are common metabolic products of aerobic bacteria and fungi that are produced to inhibit the growth of competing microbes in the same habitat?

A

Antibiotics

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5
Q

What are derived from:

Bacteria in the genera: Streptomyces and Bacillus

Molds in the genera: Penicillium and Cephalosporium

A

Antibiotics

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6
Q

Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease

A

Chemotherapuetic Drug

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7
Q

Use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk

A

Prophylaxis

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8
Q

The use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection

A

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

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9
Q

All-inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug regardless of its origin

A

Antimicrobials

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10
Q

Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

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11
Q

Drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources

A

Semisynthetic Drugs

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12
Q

Drugs produced entirely by chemical reactions

A

Synthetic Drugs

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13
Q

Antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types

For example: A drug effective mainly against gram-positive bacteria

A

Narrow (Limited) Spectrum

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14
Q

Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types

For example: A drug effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Broad (Extended) Spectrum

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15
Q

What must:

Be selectively toxic - absolutely toxic to the infectious agent and absolutely nontoxic to the host

A

An “ideal” drug

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16
Q

What must:

Remain in the body as long as needed and be safely and easily broken down and excreted

A

An “ideal”

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17
Q

The nature of the microorganism causing the infection is?

A

One of the three factors that must be known before actual antimicrobial therapy can begin

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18
Q

The degree of the microorganism’s susceptibility (or sensitivity) to various drugs is?

A

One of the three factors that must be known before actual antimicrobial therapy can begin

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19
Q

The overall medical condition of the patient is?

A

One of the three factors that must be known before actual antimicrobial therapy can begin

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20
Q

What technique measures the zone of inhibition surrounding the discs, and is measured and compared with a standard for each drug?

This technique also looks for susceptibility and resistance

A

Kirby-Bauer technique

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21
Q

In which technique is the antimicrobial diluted serially in tubes of broth, each tube is inoculated with a small uniform sample of pure culture, and the smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth (Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

A

Tube dilution tests

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22
Q

What are some laboratory techniques that test for drug susceptibility?

A

Tube dilution tests

Kirby-Bauer technique

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23
Q

What laboratory test can be expanded to determine a MBC (Minimum bactericidal concentration)?

A

Tube dilution tests

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24
Q

The ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective (therapeutic) dose is referred to as?

A

Therapeutic index

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25
Q

The higher the therapeutic index ____________?

A

The stronger the drug; Penicillin

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26
Q

Why is it necessary for a physician to record a careful history before prescribing an antibiotic?

A

Preexisting conditions that might influence the activity of the drug

History of allergy to a certain class of drugs

Underlying liver or kidney disease

Infants, the elderly, and pregnant women require special precautions

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27
Q

Name a few drug tests techniques

A

Laboratory tests (tube dilution tests; Kirby-Bauer technique)

Animal tests

Human Clinical Trials

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28
Q

Which phase is done in healthy young people (usually males) to test for toxicity?

A

Phase I: Human Clinical Trials (1)

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29
Q

Which phase is done in persons with the infection or disorder to see if the drug is effective?

A

Phase II: Human Clinical Trials (2)

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30
Q

Which phase continues phase II, but compares the drug to any current treatments on the market?

A

Phase III: Human Clinical Trials (3)

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31
Q

Which phase occurs after market studies?

A

Phase IV: Human Clinical Trials (4)

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32
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis – most drugs in this category target peptidoglycan

A

One of the modes of actions for antimicrobial drugs

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33
Q

Inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function – drugs target DNA or RNA structure or synthesis

A

One of the modes of actions for antimicrobial drugs

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34
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis – targets the prokaryotic ribosome

A

One of the modes of actions for antimicrobial drugs

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35
Q

Interference with cell membrane structure and function – targets the plasma membrane

A

One of the modes of actions for antimicrobial drugs

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36
Q

Inhibition of a metabolic process – targets a metabolic process in the microbe that is different

A

One of the modes of actions for antimicrobial drugs

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37
Q

Drugs that target the inhibition of cell wall synthesis?

A

most drugs in this category target peptidoglycan

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38
Q

Drugs that target DNA or RNA structure or synthesis?

A

Inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function

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39
Q

Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis?

A

targets the prokaryotic ribosome

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40
Q

Drugs that interfere with cell membrane structure and function?

A

targets the plasma membrane

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41
Q

Drugs that target the inhibition of a metabolic process?

A

targets a metabolic process in the microbe that is different

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42
Q

What is effective against more than one group of bacteria?

A

Broad-spectrum drugs

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43
Q

What type of drug:

Advantage is that you don’t have to know the cause of the infection first

Disadvantage is that you will kill normal flora and cause a superinfection

A

Broad-spectrum drugs

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44
Q

What drugs targets only a specific group?

A

Narrow-spectrum drugs

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45
Q

What type of drug:

Advantage is that you will not kill normal flora (at least not as much)

Disadvantage is that you must be reasonably sure of the cause of the infection

A

Narrow-spectrum drugs

46
Q

What are microbes that were once small in number that have overgrown when normal resident biota are destroyed by broad-spectrum antimicrobials called?

A

Superinfection

47
Q

Urinary tract infection caused by E. coli treated with antibiotics:

A

Lactobacilli in the female vagina are killed by the broad-spectrum tetracycline used to treat the UTI

48
Q

Oral therapy with tetracyclines, clindamycin, and broad-spectrum penicillins kills off normal biota of the colon.

Overgrowth of Clostridium difficile invades the intestinal lining and releases toxins that cause diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain.

A

Antibiotic-associated colitis

49
Q

When a drug is altered biochemically in a lab to give it better qualities it is called a?

A

semisynthetic drug

50
Q

It was narrow-spectrum and killed mostly Gram positive bacteria. A later version could be taken as a pill but had to be taken every 4 hours

A

Penicillin

51
Q

What can be taken as a pill, last longer in the body and are more broad spectrum that the natural penicillins?

A

Semisynthetic penicillin

52
Q

Antibacterials that target the cell wall?

A 
Penicillin
Clavulanic acid
Cephalosporins 
Carbepenems
Bacitracin
Vancomycin
Isoniazid 
Ethambutol
53
Q

Name the drug: (targets cell wall)

Prevents the encorporation of mycolic acid in the cell wall. Used in combination with isoniazid

A

Ethambutol

54
Q

Name the drug: (targets cell wall)

Inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid. Used in combination therapy to treat tuberculosis and leprosy

A

Isoniazid

55
Q

Name the drug: (targets cell wall)

Used for multi-drug resistant staph or strep infections

A

Vancomycin

56
Q

Name the drug: (targets cell wall)

Used topically against staph and step. Found in triple antibiotic ointment

A

Bacitracin

57
Q

Name the drug: (targets cell wall)

Good for people allergic to penicillin

Broad Spectrum

Reserved for more serious infections

Resistant to beta lactamase enzymes

A

Carbepenems

58
Q

Name the drug: (targets cell wall)

Many generations available

Good for people allergic to penicillin

Can be affected by beta lactamase producing microbes

A

Cephalosporins

59
Q

Name the drug: (targets cell wall)

Inhibits beta lactamase enzymes

Added to penicillins to reduce resistance

Example: Augmentin (clavulanic acid + amoxicillin)

A

Clavulanic acid

60
Q

Name the drug: (targets cell wall)

Many semisynthetics available

Only problem in allergic reactions

Resistant microbes produce beta lactamase that break the central ring of the penicillin molecule (the beta lactam ring)

A

Penicillin

61
Q

Antibacterials that target 70S ribosomes (protein synthesis) are?

A

Streptomycin

Tetracycline

Neomycin

Erythromycin

Clindamycin

62
Q

Name the antibacterial that target 70S ribosomes (protein synthesis) and:

first drug to treat Gram negative infection and tuberculosis

Broad spectrum

Can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

A

Streptomycin

63
Q

Name the antibacterial that target 70S ribosomes (protein synthesis) and:

Very broad spectrum

Can stain growing teeth brown

Causes superinfections

A

Tetracycline

64
Q

Name the antibacterial that target 70S ribosomes (protein synthesis) and:

Treats Gram negative infection

Is nephrotoxic so is usually used topically (part of the triple antibiotic ointment)

A

Neomycin

65
Q

Name the antibacterial that target 70S ribosomes (protein synthesis) and:

Family of antibiotics (includes the “Z pack”)

Good for patients allergic to penicillin

Used of respiratory, ear and skin infections

A

Erythromycin - transient deafness

66
Q

Name the antibacterial that target 70S ribosomes (protein synthesis) and:

Used to treat drug resistant staph, stomach, and intestinal infections that do not respond to other medications

Good for anaerobic infections

A

Clindamycin

67
Q

Name an antibacterial that targets microbial metabolism

A

Sulfonamides

68
Q

What inhibits the synthesis of folic acid?

A

Sulfonamides

69
Q

Trimethoprim is one ____________ that is used for UTI’s

A

Sulfonamides

70
Q

What is needed to synthesize DNA and RNA nucleotides? Humans do not make their own _____ ______, but obtain it in their diet.

A

Folic Acid

71
Q

What antibacterials targets DNA or RNA?

A

Fluoroquinolones and Rifamycin

72
Q

What antibacterial inhibits bacterial topoisomerases or helicases

(inhibit DNA synthesis)

A

Fluoroquinolones

73
Q

What antibacterial is used for serious infections like anthrax, kidney infections, pneumonia?

A

Fluoroquinolones

74
Q

What antibacterial inhibits RNA synthesis?

A

Rifamycin

75
Q

What antibacterial is used for tuberculosis (in combination with isoniazid and ethambutol)?

Also used for meningitis

A

Rifamycin

76
Q

Name an antibacterial that targets the plasma membrane?

A

Polymyxin B

77
Q

What antibacterial targets the plasma membrane, is most effective against Gram negative bacteria, and is typically used topically,?

A

Polymyxin B

78
Q

What antibacterial interacts with phospholipids and distorts the plasma membrane (making it leaky), and
can be used against Pseudomonas?

A

Polymyxin B

79
Q

Macrolide polyenes

Azoles

Echinocandins

Nucleotide cytosine analog

are all drug groups used to treat _______?

A

Fungal infections

80
Q

Amphotericin B is a drug used to fight fungal infections. It is mostly used in an _________ form.

A

Injectable

81
Q

__________ is an antifungal drug used to target cutaneous mycoses, vaginal and oral candidiasis, systemic mycoses

A

Ketoconazole

82
Q

__________ is an antifungal drugs used to target AIDS-related mycoses

A

Fluconazole

83
Q

Clotrimazole and miconazole are antifungal drugs used to treat _____________?

A

Infections in the skin, mouth, and vagina

84
Q

What antifungal drug is rapidly absorbed orally, readily dissolves in the blood and CFS, and used to treat cutaneous mycoses?

A

Flucytosine

85
Q

Quinine
Metronidazole
are agents to treat to __________ infections

A

protozoal

86
Q

What antiprotozoal drug has been the principal treatment of malaria for hundreds of years?

A

Quinine

87
Q

What antiprotozoal drug is a widely used amoebicide and general purpose antiprotozoal?

A

Metronidazole

88
Q

What antiprotozoal drug treats Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis?

A

Metronidazole

89
Q

What antiprotozoal drug treats intestinal infections and hepatic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Metronidazole

90
Q

These challenges of
___________ _________ include:

Their physiology is much more similar to humans.

Blocking reproduction does not affect adult worms.

Most effective drugs immobilize, disintegrate, or inhibit the metabolism of all stages of the life cycle.

A

Antihelminthic Drugs

91
Q

___________ and ______ are antihelminthic drugs that inhibit microtubules of worms, eggs, and larvae. Used to kill roundworms

A

Mebendazole and albendazole

92
Q

__________ is an antihelminthic drug that paralyzes the muscles of intestinal roundworms

A

Pyrantel

93
Q

___________ an antihelminthic drug that treats tapeworm

A

Niclosamide

94
Q

___________ is an antihelminthic drug that treats tapeworm and fluke infections

A

Praziquantel

95
Q

_____________ is an Veterinary antihelminthic drug that treats river blindness and lymphatic filariasis in humans.

Used to prevent heartworms in dogs

A

Ivermectin

96
Q

What type of virus does Enfuvirtide block from binding to the host cell?

A

HIV

97
Q

Amantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir all block the ________ from binding

A

flu

98
Q

Acyclovir

A

herpes virus

99
Q

Ribavirin is an antiviral drug used to treat _____________?

A 
RSV 
Lassa fever (hemorrhagic fever)

Mostly affects infants

100
Q

AZT inhibits ________?

A

reverse transcriptase

101
Q

Saquinavir inhibits ________ ?

A

Protease (AIDS)

102
Q

What is an adaptive response in which microorganisms begin to tolerate an amount of drug that would normally be inhibitory?

A

Drug resistance

103
Q

Drug resistance for antimicrobials is in the __________ – not the host

A

microbe

104
Q

Acquisition of entire new genes or sets of genes via horizontal transfer from another species
is the cause of?

A

Drug resistance

105
Q

Spontaneous mutations is the cause of?

A

Drug resistance

106
Q

New enzymes that inactivates the drug is an example of?

Beta-lactamase

A

Drug resistance

107
Q

Permeability of the drug is decreased is another cause of?

A

Drug resistance

108
Q

Drug is immediately eliminated from microbe is an example of?

A

Drug resistance

109
Q

Changing the drug’s target is a way microbe a microbe can become?

Ex: 70s ribosome changes to a different type of ribsome

A

Drug resistant

110
Q

Change of metabolic pathway is another way microbes can become?

A

Drug resistant

111
Q

Can replace microbes lost during antimicrobial therapy

A

Probiotics

112
Q

Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes

A

Prebiotics

Microbiology Exam III (3 decks)

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