exam III [h2o + fat soluble] vitamins Flashcards
1
Q
DRI
A
umbrella of all other recommendations
Dietary Reference Intake
2
Q
RDA
A
Recommended Daily Allowance
> average level of intake sufficient to meet nutritional requirements of nearly 98% of healthy individuals
3
Q
AI
A
Adequate Intake
> when evidence is insufficient to develop RDA - set at a level to ensure nutritional adequacy
4
Q
EAR
A
Estimated Average Requirement
> avg daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of individuals
5
Q
UL
A
tolerable upper intake level
> max daily intake unlikely to cause any adverse effects
6
Q
how many vitamins are there?
A
13!!!!
7
Q
which factors affect bioavailability?
A
digestion efficiency
method of food prep
source of nutrient
if other foods are consumed at the same time
8
Q
what are the 9 water soluble vitamins?
A
vitamin C thiamin riboflavin niacin biotin pantothenic acid vitamin b6 vitamin b12 folate
9
Q
what is the most common way to get toxic doses on vitamins?
A
supplements
10
Q
what is the MAIN function of water soluble vitamins?
A
helping with release of energy from macronutrients [not actually utilized in energy production]
11
Q
vitamin c’s real name?
A
ascorbic acid
12
Q
which chemical structure does vitamin C look like?
A
glucose
13
Q
how is vitamin C absorbed?
A
directly
14
Q
vitamin C’s functions?
A
cofactor in enzymes
antioxidant
collagen formation
15
Q
vitamin C can protect against…
A
colds, cancers, CVD, eye disease
16
Q
oxaloacetate is a byproduct of excretion of vitamin C. Overconsumption can lead to…
A
kidney stones
17
Q
male RDA vitamin C
A
90 mg/day
18
Q
female RDA vitamin C
A
75 mg/day
19
Q
how much additional vitamin C do smokes require?
A
+ 35 mg/day
20
Q
what disease is the deficiency of vitamin C?
A
SCURVY
21
Q
4 Hs of Scurvy:
A
hemorrhagic signs
hyperkeratosis of hair follicles
hypochondriasis [psychological manifestation]
hematological abnormalities
22
Q
how to treat scurvy
A
100-500 mg vitamin C supplements until symptoms resolve
23
Q
UL vitamin C
A
2 g [2000 mg]
24
Q
possible symptoms of high doses of vitamin C
A
osmotic diarrhea
renal stones
25
vitamin C food sources
```
citrus fruits
dark green veggies
strawberries
cruciferous veggies
potatoes
bell peppers
papaya
mangoes
broccoli
```
26
thamin is vitamin...
B1
27
which carriers aid in the absorption of thiamin in the jejunum?
ThTr1
| ThTr2
28
what interferes with the absorption of thiamin?
ethanol
29
functions of thiamin
energy production + nutrient metabolism
synthesis of pentoses + NADPH
neuro functions
used to convert pyruvate -> acetyl CoA
30
male RDA thiamin
1.2 mg/day
31
female RDA thiamin
1.1 mg/day
32
deficiency of thiamin...
beriberi
33
dry beriberi
damage to nervous system
34
wet beriberi
damage to CV system
35
wernicke's encephalopathy
presence of neuro symptoms caused by biochemical lesions of mammaliary bodies
36
triad of dx for wernicke's encephalopathy
ophthalmoplegia
ataxia
confusion
37
wernicke-korskoff disease
PERMANENT brain damage
38
how to treat wernicke's encephalopathy
50-200 mg thiamine IV
then supplementation PO
LT: alcohol cessation
39
toxicity of thiamin
no UL established
40
food sources of thiamin
```
WGs/fortified/enriched grains
flour tortilla
cornflakes
PORK, chicken, tuna
eggs
soy milk
acorn squash, potatoes
```
41
which vitamin number is riboflavin?
vitamin B2
42
what external source destroys riboflavin?
sunlight
43
function of riboflavin?
serves as coenzyme
| related to energy metabolism
44
where do you find the highest concentrations of riboflavin?
plasma;
| liver, kidney, heart
45
male RDA riboflavin:
1.3 mg/day
46
female RDA riboflavin:
1.1 mg/day
47
deficiency of riboflavin:
ariboflavinosis:
| symptoms associated with the MOUTH
48
toxicity of riboflavin:
no UL; no observed toxicity
49
food sources of riboflavin:
```
milk/milk products
WG/EG bread, bread products, cereal
liver
lean meats
dark, leafy vegetables [broccoli, turnip greens, asparagus, spinach]
```
50
which b vitamin is niacin?
vitamin B3
51
nicotinic acid is used for...
a medication to improve blood lipid levels
52
nicotinamide is used as...
a supplement of niacin
53
what can the body make niacin from?
tryptophan
| only if protein needs have been met
54
functions of niacin
coenzymes; oxidative reductases etc
| non-redox roles: riboslyation rxns, enzymatic roles
55
niacin is excreted through ___ after it is processed in the liver.
urine. duh. it's water-soluble
56
male niacin RDA:
16 mg NE/day
57
female niacin RDA:
14 mg NE/day
58
disease of deficiency of niacin...
pellegra
59
4Ds of pellegra
diarrhea
dermatitis
dementia
death
60
pathophysiology of pellegra
darkening of skin, flakes away
occurs on parts of body exposed to sun
large doses of niacin to improve cholesterol levels
61
toxicity of niacin occurs most commonly of patients with...
large doses of niacin treating hyperlipidemia
62
UL of niacin
35 mg/day
63
food sources of niacin
```
MEAT
FISH
POULTRY
PB
legumes
WG/EG
mushrooms, potatoes, tomatoes
cornflakes
```
64
which b vitamin is pantothenic acid?
vitamin b5
65
which chemical structure is pantothenic acid part of?
CoA
66
functions of vit B5
component of CoA
nutrient metabolism
acetylation of proteins, sugars, drugs
67
how is vit B5 excreted?
urine
68
vit B5 AI men + women
5 mg/day
69
disease deficiency of vitamin B5?
burning foot syndrome
70
toxicity of vit B5?
none reported
71
food sources of pantothenic acid?
very widespread in food
| beef, poultry, WG, potatoes, tomatoes, broccoli, oats, egg yolks
72
biotin is vitamin b...
B7
73
biotin is made by...
bacteria in the colon
74
functions of biotin
metabolism; coenzyme carrying activated CO2
| nonenzyme: biotinylation, gene expression, cell cycle
75
how is biotin excreted?
in feces
76
how does one get a biotin deficiency?
eating raw egg whites
77
biotin AI for adults [and pregnancy]
30 micrograms/day
78
toxicity of biotin
none reported; no UL
79
food sources of biotin
```
egg yolks
liver
soybeans
fish
whole grains
[GI bacteria]
```
80
folate & folic acid. which is "naturally derived" and white is synthetic?
folate = from food
| folic acid = synthetic
81
when did fortification of folate begin?
1998
82
which form is folate [folic acid] found in fortified foods?
monoglutamate
83
functions of folate?
AA + choline metabolism
gene expression
nucleotide metabolism
associations w disease
84
1 DFE folate ...
1 microgram of food folate
0. 6 ug of folic acid/fortified food consumed w/meal
0. 5 ug folic acid from a supplement taken on an empty stomach
85
folate is synergistic with...
vitamin B12
86
folate RDA for adults:
400 ug/day
87
deficiency of folate is...
megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
88
UL for folate...
1 mg synthetic folate
89
neural tube defects can be prevented by...
enough folate early in pregnancy
90
folate may protect against...
cardiovascular disease
| cancer
91
food sources of folate
```
legumes
fruits & veggies
ESP green leafy
pinto beans
legumes
```
92
vitamin B12 is also known as...
cobalamin
93
where do you find most of B12
in animal products
94
how is B12 digested/absorbed?
in stomach; HCl + pepsin release B12 from proteins from which its attached in food
95
what factor can impair the absorption of B12?
decreased stomach acid
96
functions of vitamin B12
conversion of homocysteine -> methionine
| conversion of 1-methylmalonyl CoA --> succinyl CoA
97
RDA of vitamin B12 for adults
2.4 ug/day
98
deficiency of vitamin B12
megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
99
toxicity of vitamin B12
n/a; no UL
100
what is atrophic gastritis?
chronic inflammation of stomach + damaging cells of stomach
101
what is pernicious anemia?
lack of intrinsic factor causing vitamin B12 deficiency
102
vitamin b12 food sources
MILK + FISH best sources
| almost exclusively from animal sources
103
vitamin b6 is also known as...
pyridoxine
104
where is vitamin b6 stored?
exclusively in muscle tissue
105
functions of vit b6
coenzymes of MANY reactions
| modulate gene expression
106
how is vitamin b6 excreted?
urine
107
vitamin b6 RDA for adults 19-50?
1.3 mg/day
108
vitamin B6 RDA for males 51+?
1.7 mg/day
109
vitamin B6 RDA for females 51+?
1.5 mg/day
110
deficiency for b6 is rare but increased for...
older adults
alcoholism
certain drug therapies
111
vitamin b6 toxicity symptoms?
sensory + peripheral neuropathy
112
UL for vitamin B6?
100 mg/day
113
what gastric secretion do fat-soluble vitamins require for digestion?
bile!
114
where are excessive fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?
liver
| fat stores
115
what is the precursor for vitamin A and carotenoids?
beta-carotene
116
what are the three forms of retinoids?
retional
retinal
retinoic acid
117
3 main functions of retinoids?
vision
growth
protein synthesis
118
what are carotenoids?
red orange, yellow, lipid soluble pigments found in many plants
119
dietary sources of vitamin A?
```
liver
dairy products
eggs
fatty fish
oils
COLORFUL veggies
```
120
what must happen before vitamin A is absorbed?
it must be digested!
121
how much vitamin A is actually absorbed?
70-90%
122
where are carotenoids & retinols metabolized?
in enterocytes
123
function of retinol binding protein II?
transporter into enterocyte
124
how is retinoic acid absorbed?
directly in the blood
125
how do chylomicrons transport?
into the lacteal -> lymph
126
which protein is involved with vision?
rhodopsin
127
where are excessive fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?
liver
| fat stores
128
what is the precursor for vitamin A and carotenoids?
beta-carotene
129
what are the three forms of retinoids?
retional
retinal
retinoic acid
130
3 main functions of retinoids?
vision
growth
protein synthesis
131
what are carotenoids?
red orange, yellow, lipid soluble pigments found in many plants
132
dietary sources of vitamin A?
```
liver
dairy products
eggs
fatty fish
oils
COLORFUL veggies
```
133
what must happen before vitamin A is absorbed?
it must be digested!
134
how much vitamin A is actually absorbed?
70-90%
135
where are carotenoids & retinols metabolized?
in enterocytes
136
function of retinol binding protein II?
transporter into enterocyte
137
how is retinoic acid absorbed?
directly in the blood
138
how do chylomicrons transport?
into the lacteal -> lymph
139
vitamin A's role in nuclear function
binds to nuclear receptors; enhances transcription of selected genes
140
quenching
inactivation of electronically excited molecules [free radicals]
141
carotenoid functions
eye health
decrease in heart disease [antioxidants] + LDL
decrease in cancer
142
in excess, which other vitamin will vitamin A interaction with the absorption of?
vitamin K
143
how is vitamin A excreted?
urine & feces
| sm amount passed through lungs
144
how are some vitamin A metabolites recycled?
returned to enterohepatic circulation
145
RDA vitamin A for men
900 ug RAE
146
RDA vitamin A for women
700 ug RAE
147
where is most vitamin A stored?
in the liver
148
what is the most common deficiency of vitamin A?
night blindess
149
RDA for 1-70 yrs old
600 IU [15 ug]
150
why should retinoids not be used during pregnancy?
they are teratogenic
151
UL of vitamin A
3000 ug RAE
152
hyperkeratinosis
discoloration of the skin; not harmful
153
how to assessment for vitamin A deficiency
eye exams
154
what is vitamin D's common name?
calciferol
155
D2
ergocalfierol
| active form [found in supplements]
156
D3
cholecaliferol
| inactive form [found in sun & plants]
157
which foods naturally contain vitamin D?
fatty fish
| shiitake mushrooms
158
which foods are often fortified with vitamin D?
milk
dairy products
OJ
cereals
159
how long do you need to be in the sunlight to get vitamin D absorption?
only 10 mins
160
what does vitamin D "act like" instead of a vitamin?
a hormone
161
food recommendation of vitamin D if not enough sunlight?
2 cups vitamin D milk
162
does vitamin D require digestion?
nope;
| passive diffusion through micelles
163
which form of vitamin D metabolized to in the liver?
25-OH - hydroxy
164
which form of vitamin D metabolized to in the kidney?
25-(OH)2 - dihydroxy
165
what is the MAIN function of vitamin D in the body?
serum calcium homeostasis
166
what is the normal serum of calcium value?
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
167
diagnostic range of hypocalcemia?
< 8.5 mg/dL
168
how does vitamin D raise blood concentrations of Ca/P
1. enhances absorption from GI tract [when diet is sufficient]
2. provides needed minerals from other sources [when diet is insufficient]
3. resorption by kidneys + mobilization from bones -> blood
169
rickets
vitamin D deficiency in children; failure of growing bones to mineralize
170
osteomalacia
vitamin D deficiency in adults; failure to mineralize ALREADY formed bone; failure to synthesize adequate vitamin D
171
UL of vitamin D
4000 IU [100 ug]
172
vitamin E classes:
1. tocepherols
| 2. tocotrienols
173
food sources of vitamin E
nuts, nut butters, seeds, plant oils
| high fat meats
174
how is vitamin E destroyed?
air, light, heat
175
absorption range of vitamin E
20-70%
176
vitamin E is also...
an antioxidant
| may protect against CVD from LDL oxidation
177
menadione
synthetic form of vitamin K
178
what nutrients does vitamin E interrupt?
selenium
vitamin c
polyunsaturated fats
179
RDA for adults vitamin A
15 mg alpha-tocepherol
180
which population has an increased need for vitamin E?
smokers
181
UL for vitamin E
1000 mg alpha-tocepherol
182
plasma concentration for deficiency vitamin E
< 5 mg/dL
183
plasma concentration of *possible* toxicity of vitamin E
> 20 mL/dL
184
why are babies given vitamin K at birth?
they don't have the gut biome that adults do
185
phulloquinones sources
leafy green vegetables
186
menaquinones
from bacteria, fermented cheese, liver, soy product
187
menadione
synthetic form
188
how quickly is vitamin K turned over?
VERY quickly, every 1.5 days
189
vitamin K is required to transform fibrinogen -->
fibrin
190
AI vitamin K for males
120 ug/day
191
AL vitamin K for females
90 ug/day
192
toxicity of vitamin K occurs with...
ONLY synthetic form [menadione]
193
who is at risk of vitamin K deficiency?
```
newborns
malabsorption
those on antibiotic therapy
HIV/AIDS drugs
organ transplant patients
```
194
assessment of nutriture of vitamin K
plasma/serum phylloquinone
| blood clotting/prothrombin time
