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BMB 401 > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to delta Ga and net flow if [A] out is greater than [A]in

A

If [A] out is more than [A] in, Delta Ga is negative and a spontaneous net flow of A will be inward

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2
Q

What is the difference between non mediate transport and mediated transport?

A

Nonmediated transport occurs through simple diffusion. Mediated transport occurs through the action of specific carrier proteins.

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3
Q

What are the two types of mediated transport?

A

Passive mediated transport where its going down [] gradient. Active transport is going against the [] gradient.

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4
Q

What is an addition nickname for active transport and what is one requirement for them to function

A

pump and ATP

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5
Q

What is an example of potassium channel and how does it transport potassium?

A

The potassium channel, KcsA attracts the ions through, but by loses its water by the top and can only move through the perfectly spaced oxygen meant for potassium.

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6
Q

What are the four types of gated channels?

A

Mechanosensitive channel open to mechanical senses like touch, sound, and changes in osmotic pressure. Ligand-gated channels open to extracellular chemical like neurotransmitters. signal gated channels open to intracellular binding like Calcium. Voltage gated channels open up to changes in membrane potential.

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7
Q

list the order of sequence of channel opening/closing during depolarization and hyperpolorization

A

depolarization: sodium channels open and flows in. Hyperpolarization: potassium channels open and potassium flows out.

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8
Q

How do Kv channels open and close

A

In Kv channels, the positively charged s4 helix is attracted to the extracellular surface during depolarization. This pulls up s5 helix and s6 to separate and open up more. then the inactivation ball goes into the channel and blocks any k after s4 drops down.

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9
Q

Name an aquaporin. How does it transport water?

A

AQP1 has an hourglass figure that needs to break bonds between water. It does this by bonding with 2 of arginine’s NH2 instead as it moves through the pore

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10
Q

How does glucose transporter transports glucose?

A

glucose binds to one face of the membrane before the transporter goes through a conformational change and lets glucose in

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11
Q

What are the three different types of transporters? What is their molecular flow?

A

uniports moves a single molecule at time. symports simultaneously transports two different molecules in the same direction. anti ports simultaneously transports two different molecules at opposite directions

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12
Q

What are the five types of ATPases and what do they transport?

A

P-type ATPases is phosphorylated to cations like sodium. F-type ATPases are proton transporters and exist in mitochondria and bacterial membrane, can synthesize ATP. V type ATPases are F types but in vacuoles and lysosomes. A type ATPases transports anions. ABC transporters are ATP binding set and pumps all types of stuff.

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13
Q

How does Na K ATPase transport sodiums and potassiums?

A

Na-K ATPase has a E1 conformations that fiends 3 sodiums before phosphorylates to its high energy state. E1 changes to relaxing E2 and releases sodium into the cell. 2 K binds and the pump is phosphorylated to E1 and 2K is released

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14
Q

What are ionophores and what are their two types?

A

Ionophores that transport ions. The two types, carrier iodophores binds to ion moves through the membrane to the other sides and releases it, the other Channel forming ionophores that form transmembrane or pores that their selected ion can diffuse

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15
Q

Give examples of small hydrophobic moelcuesl that can diffuse easily

A

o2, co2, n2, steroid, hormones

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16
Q

Give examples of small uncharged polar molecules that can slowly diffuse

A

water, urea, glycerol

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17
Q

give examples of large uncharged polar molecules that diffuse very slowly

A

glucose and sucrose

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18
Q

Give examples of ions that cannot diffuse

A

proton, sodium, potassium carbonate, calcium.

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19
Q

what do you get with an alcohol and aldehyde?

A

hemiacetal

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20
Q

What do you get with an alcohol and a ketone

A

Hemiketal

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21
Q

What are deoxy sugars? Give example

A

monosaccharides that replaces OH with H like B-d-2-deoxyribose

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22
Q

What are amino sugar? Give an examples. What are sialic acids?

A

When one or more OH group has been replaced with an amino group. Like N-acetylneuraminic acids and all its derivatives that are called sialic acids

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23
Q

How do you from glycosides? What are glycosidic bonds?

A

When the anomeric group of a sugar condenses with an alcohol to form alpha or beta glycosides. The resulting bond is called glycosidic bond

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24
Q

What monosaccharides form lactose

A

galactose and glucose

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25
Q

Is sucrose a reducing sugar/

A

NO

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26
Q

What are reducing sugars

A

saccharides with an anomeric carbons that haven’t form glycosides.

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27
Q

What is sucrose made up

A

Glucose and Fructose

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28
Q

What is cellulose composed of

A

B(1-4) glycosidic linked glucoses

29
Q

What is chitins function and structure?

A

Structural components of exoskeleton to invert. like crustaceans and insects. Also cell walls of most fungi and algae. B(1-4) linked N-acetyl-d-glucoseamine.

30
Q

What is starch? How is it stored? What type of sugar is it?

A

Starch is a mixture of glycans that plants synthesis as energy reserves. It is deposited as alpha amylose, with alpha (1-4) bonds, and amylopectin with mainly alpha (1-4) glucose and some alpha (1-6) glucose.. Starch is a reducing sugar

31
Q

What is glycogen? What is its structure and composition?

A

glycogen is the polysaccharides storage in animals and it is highly branched with alpha (1-4) and alpha (1-6)

32
Q

What are glycosaminoglycan composed of? Where is it found?

A

glycosaminoglycan are unbranched polysaccharides with alternating uronic acid and hexosamine. It can be found in extracellular spaces of connective tissue like cartilage, tendon, skin/

33
Q

What are glycoproteins? When are the groups added? How are they generated? What is microheterogeneity?

A

proteins that have covalently attached carbohydrate groups that are are added co or post transitionally. The are generated by a specific enzyme and heave microheterogeneity where where there might be a slight difference between each other

34
Q

What are proteoglycans composed of?

A

Hyaluronate and core protein. Specialized

35
Q

Where are peptidoglycan found? What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative in terms of amount to peptidoglycan and cell wall size?

A

Peptidoglycan are found in cell walls. Gram positive have thicker cell walls which means more peptidoglycan.

36
Q

What is peptidoglycan composed of? How is it linked together?

A

Peptidoglycan are composed of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. Mur is covalently lined to four peptide chains and contains D amino acids when they are all L. The four are cross brides with five glycine structure.

37
Q

What are glycosylate bonds?

A

When oligosaccharides are attached to proteins either by N-glycosidic or o-Glycosidic bonds

38
Q

What is the order of attachment of N-linked glycosylation? When does it occur?

A

The sugar, usually GlcNAc, is attached to asparagine then any amino acid except for pro then to Ser or Thr. Occurs co-translationaly

39
Q

What is the structure or order of attachment of O-linked oligosaccharides? When does it happen? How is it related to micro heterogeneity?

A

attachment of a core disaccharide to her or thr. Happen post-translational and goes through the secetroy pathway where the modifications contribute to the micro heterogeneity.

40
Q

How is lectin used in terms of mediated recognition events?

A

Lectin binds to carbohydrates and is used in cell to cell recognition. also involved in recruitment and signaling

41
Q

How is blood related to carbohydrate? What is the difference between type a and b blood, structurally?

A

ABO reflect different carbohydrate. O everyone has it. A type has Gal NAC alpha and B type has Gal Alpha

42
Q

What is the difference between nucleic acids and nucleotides?

A

nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides

43
Q

How many rings does purines and pyrimidine have? Which nucleotides are purines and pyrimidine?

A

Purines have 2 rings and are A and G. Pyrimidine have one ring and are T C and U

44
Q

When does a nucleotide become a nucleoside?

A

When a phosphate group is absent, it is a nucleoside.

45
Q

How is starched synthesize by sugar?

A

ADP glucose gets on growing chain of starch

46
Q

How nucleotides attached? what is the order DNA ends?

A

Individual nucleotides are attached by phosphodiester bonds written 5’-3’

47
Q

How does types of nucleotides pair?

A

Purines pair with pyrimidines.

48
Q

What is the concentration relationship between nucleotides?

A

[purines]=[pyrimidines], so [a]=[t], and [g]=[c]

49
Q

Where does endonucleoaqiss cleave? What is its function in terms of immune system and foreign DNA. molecular cloning

A

endonucleoasis cleaves within polynucleotide strand. It is naturally occurring and helps with the immune system by chewing up phage DNA and not their own. They are very specific and can recognize palindromic sequences. They also produce sticky ends that would want to bind and is involved with molecular cloning

50
Q

How can you recognize DNA from restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis? Based on size, which will bottom?

A

Vertical gel electrophoresis is used to find certain DNA. Restriction enzyme cleaves to produce specific sizes that it can be read by gel. Small pieces are faster

51
Q

How can you trick bacteria to produce human insulin. What do they use to do this? like what type of DNA

A

Recombinant DNA technology is used to trick bacteria to produce human insulin. They use plasmids that replicate independently from main DNA with amp.

52
Q

How can restriction enzymes insert gene of interest in plasmid?

A

Restriction enzyme creates sticky ends to bond with cut plasmid with gene of interest and ligase seals them together

53
Q

What do you use to make many copies of gene of interest

A

Use PCR to make many copies of gene of interest

54
Q

explain the process of PCR to make multiple gene of interest.

A

Mix together single stranded primer, nucleotide, buffer, DNA polymerase to add nucleotide, genome then heat and cool. Once cool, primer is added and DNA polymerase added the nucleotides to the primers to make 2 copies. Then continue by repeat and added primer in abundance

55
Q

What is the order of chain terminator? How do you read the results?

A

Makes dideoxynecleoside. add small amount to PCG with maker. Run thorough electrophoresis to get colored bands. Red from bottom to top because smaller bottoms

56
Q

Explain the process of pyrosequencing. What is it meant for?

A

DNA templates has bead attached. The primer is added and has four dNTP washes. Relase of PPi couple to luciferase flash to read. made for huge DNA sequencing

57
Q

What is the structure of glycerophospholipids?

A

amphiphilic glycerophospholipids hace a hydrophobic glyerol-3-phosphate head that has an addition polar x to the phosphate

58
Q

What is the purpose of adipocytes?

A

adipocytes specialize in synthesis and storage of triacylglycerols

59
Q

How is phospholipase used to determine chemical structure?

A

chemical structures of glycerophospholipids or phospholipids in general, can be determined by the hydrolytic reaction form phospholipase

60
Q

What are sphingolipids?

A

Sphingolipids are major membrane

61
Q

what are ceramides

A

N-actyle fatty acid are derivatives of sphingolipids

62
Q

What is the structure of sphingomyelins? How common are they? What can they be classified as?

A

sphingomyelins are the most common sphingolipids. They have a phsophocholine or phosphoethanolamine head and can be classified as sphingophosoholipids

63
Q

What is the head of cerebrosides made of? What are they classified as? What are the common types?

A

Cerebrosides have heads with a single sugar reside. they are glycosphingolipids. The most common types are glactocerbrosides and glucocerebrodsides.

64
Q

What is the structure of gangliosides?

A

gangliosides have attached oligosacchardies that include at least one sialic acid reside.

65
Q

what is the structure of fatty acid above and below transition temp?

A

if fatty acid is below transition temp, its stiffer and more uniformed. If above, it more lose

66
Q

What happens to the transitional temp and fluidity, if the fatty acid is longer and more saturated?

A

The longer the fatty acid, the more the transition temp. the more saturated, the more transition temp, and is less fluid

67
Q

What does cholesterol due to lipids in high temp and low temp?

A

cholesterol resist changes in both direction, gives more stability and rigidity in high temp. IN low temp, prevents membrane from freezing.

68
Q

How is integral proteins associated with membranes?

A

integral or intrinsic protein are tightly associated with membranes through hydrophobic interactions

69
Q

What are transmembrane proteins

A

a protein that completely spends the membrane

BMB 401 (3 decks)

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