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Clinical Neuroscience > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

What aspect of the retina receive information from the superior visual field?

A

-The lower part

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2
Q

The right side of the visual field projects on the what part of the retina?

A

-the left side

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3
Q

The normal visual field projects more in what directions?

A

-lateral and inferiorly

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4
Q

What part of the retina has the highest visual acuity?

A

-the Fovea

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5
Q

What surrounds the Fovea?

A

-The macula

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6
Q

The outermost layer of the retina contains what type of cells?

A

-Rods and cones (Bipolar Cells)

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7
Q

Cones are responsible for what?

A

-high resolution images; can detect color

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8
Q

What a Rods responsible for?

A

-provide visual images in low light; do not detect color

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9
Q

The middle layer of the retina receive information from where? projects it to where?

A

-receive input from the photo receptors and send it to the ganglion layer

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10
Q

What are the two types of cells in the ganglion layer?

A

-Parasal and Midget cell

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11
Q

What do parasal cells do?

A

-respond to gross stimuli, not very detailed

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12
Q

Where do parasol send info?

A

-LGN of the thalamus

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13
Q

What are midget cells responsible for?

A

-respond to very small visual details and colors

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14
Q

Where to the midget cells send info?

A

-parvo cellular layer of the LGN

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15
Q

The optic nerve carries information from which visual field?

A

-Entire field of the ipsilateral eye

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16
Q

Which fibers cross at the optic chiasm?

A

-Nasal Fibers

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17
Q

Damage to the optic chiasm causes what?

A

-Bitemporal hemiaopsia (tunnel vision)

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18
Q

The right optic track carries information from which visual fields?

A
  • Left temporal feild and right nasal feild
  • Right side of each retine
  • Left Visual field
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19
Q

Where does the optic tract synapse?

A

-LGN of the thalamus

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20
Q

What forms the extrageniculate visual pathways?

A

-a few fibers that bypass the LGN and enter the superior Colliculus and pretecal areas

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21
Q

What is the pretecto area involved in?

A

-pupillary light reflex

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22
Q

The pretecto areas and superior colliculus are responsible for what?

A

-Drawing vision to a stimulus

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23
Q

The optic radiations carry information for which visual fields?

A

-contralateral

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24
Q

Inferior fibers (myers loop) pass through what and end where?

A

-pass through the temporal lobe and end at the lower bank of the calcarine fissue

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25
Q

The inferior fibers of the optic radiations carry information from which visual feild?

A

-Contralateral Superior Field

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26
Q

Damage to the inferior optic radiation (or to the temporal lobe) can cause what visual deficit?
)

A

-contralateral superior quadrantopia (pie in the sky)

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27
Q

The superior fibers of the optic radiations pass through where and end where?

A

-Pass through the parietal lobe and end at the superior bank of the calcarine fissure

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28
Q

The superior optic radiation carries information from which visual field?

A

-Contralateral inferior feild

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29
Q

The dorsal pathway answer what question of vision?

A

-the “where”

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30
Q

The ventral pathways answer what question with vision?

A

-the “what”

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31
Q

Visual hallucinations arise from where?

A

-The inferior temporo-occipital association cortex

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32
Q

Total vision loss from one eye is usually caused by a lesion to where?

A

-Lesion to the ipsilateral optic nerve or entire retina

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33
Q

What is a scotoma?

A

-a small blind spot caused by damage to the retina

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34
Q

A contralateral hemianopsia can be a result of lesions where?

A

-optic track, LGN, optic radiation or PVC

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35
Q

Macular sparing usually occurs with what type of lesions?

A

-Cortical

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36
Q

Damage to the occipital pole causes visual loss where?

A
  • centrally, with peripheral sparing
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37
Q

The retina receives blood from where?

A

-Branches of the opthalmic artery; the branches into the retinal artery

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38
Q

Occlusion of the superior retinal artery will cause the loss of vision to what visual field?

A

-ipsilateral lower field

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39
Q

What is the function of CN I?

A

-Smell (olefactory)

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40
Q

Where does CN I exit the skull?

A

-Cribiform plate

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41
Q

Where does CN I attach?

A

-Olefactory bulb (cortex)

42
Q

What is anosmia?

A

-Olfactory sensory loss (loss of smell)

43
Q

What can cause anosmia?

A

-Head trauma, viral infections, PD, Alzheimer’s, intracranial lesions

44
Q

Where are the nuclei for CN II?

A

-LGN of the thalamus

45
Q

How does CN II exit the skull?

A

-Optic Canal

46
Q

Where are the nuclei for CN III and IV?

A

-Midbrain

47
Q

Where are the nuclei for CN VI?

A

-Pons

48
Q

How do CN’s III, IV, & VI exit the skull?

A

-Superior Orbital Fissure

49
Q

Where does CN III exit the brain stem?

A

-ventrally from the intrapenduncular fossa

50
Q

Where does CN VI exit the brainstem?

A

-Dorsally from the inferior tectum

51
Q

Where does CN VI exit the brainstem?

A

-Ventrally from the pontomedullary junction

52
Q

What are the 3 divisions of CN V?

A

-Opthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular

53
Q

The Opthalmic, and Maxillary divisions of CN V provide sensation to the face, what is the function of the Mandibular Branch?

A

-Motor to the muscle of mastication?

54
Q

Where does CN V exit the brain stem?

A

-Venterolateral pons

55
Q

Once CN V exits the brainstem, what does it enter?

A

-Meckel’s Cave

56
Q

How does the Opthalmic division of CN V exit the skull?

A

-runs through the inferior part of the cavernous sinus and exits via the superior orbital fissure

57
Q

How does the maxillary division of CN V exit the skull?

A

-Foramen Rotundum

58
Q

How does the Mandibular branch of CN V exit the skull?

A

-Foramen Ovale

59
Q

Trigeminal Nueralgia mainly effects what branches of CN V?

A

-V2 and V3

60
Q

What is the main function of CV VII?

A

-Motor to Muscle of Facial expression

61
Q

What other functions does CN VII have?

A

-tear production, salivation, and taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tough

62
Q

Where are the nuclei of CN VII located?

A

-Caudal Pons

63
Q

Where does CN VII exit the brainstem?

A

-Venterolaterally at the pontomedullary junction LATERAL to CN VI

64
Q

The main portion of CN VII exits the skull where?

A

-Stylomastoid Foramen

65
Q

A portion of CN VII travels where?

A

-Transverese the subarachnoid space and enters the internal auditory meatus

66
Q

UMN lesions of CN VII tend to spare muscles in what region of the face?

A

-forehead

67
Q

LMN lesions to CN VII tend to effect what?

A

-The entire ipsilateral 1/2 of the face, and no neiborhooding effect

68
Q

Bells Palsy will present as what?

A

-Unilateral LMN facial weakness

69
Q

Where does CN VII exit the brainstem?

A

-at the pontomedullar junction LATERAL to CN VII

70
Q

Where Does CN VIII run?

A

-Through the subarachnoid space and into the internal auditory meatus

71
Q

What is the function of CN IX?

A

-Sensation to the posterior tongue and pharynx, salivation and cortid body reflex

72
Q

Where does CN IX exit the brainstem?

A

-along the venterolateral medulla as several rootlets between the inferior olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle

73
Q

Where does CN IX run?

A

-It transverse the subarachnoid space and exits via the jugular foramen

74
Q

What is the function of CN X?

A

-provide parasympathetic information to the heart, lungs, and GI Tract

75
Q

What is the motor function of CN X?

A

-motor to the pharynx, upper esophagus, and larynx

also to the heart, lungs, and GI tract

76
Q

Where does CN X exit the brain stem?

A

-The venterolateral medulla, just below CN IX between the inferior olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle, as serveral rootlets

77
Q

CN XI arises from where?

A

-from the upper 5 or 6 cervical segments

78
Q

Where is the nucleus for CN XI?

A

-protrudes laterally between the ventral and dorsal horn grey matter

79
Q

Where does CN XI run?

A

-Run up and through Foramen Magnum, and exits the skull via the jugular foramen

80
Q

What is the function of CN XI?

A

-Motor to the upper trap and SCOM Muscles

81
Q

What is the function of CN XII?

A

-Tongue movement (motor)

82
Q

Where does CN XII exit the skull?

A

-the ventral medulla, between the inferior olive and inferior olivary nucleus in the hypoglossal foremen

83
Q

What CN provides sensation to the meninges?

A

-Trigiminal and Vagus

84
Q

What CNs provide general visceral sensation?

A

-Vagus, Facial, and Glossopharyngeal

85
Q

What is the function of Norepinephrine?

A

-Alertness and Mood elevation

86
Q

What is the function of dopamine?

A

-Movement, movement initiation and working memory

87
Q

What is the function of serotonin?

A

-Alertness, mood elevation, breathing control

88
Q

What are stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle?

A

-nonREM Sleep

89
Q

What are stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle controlled by?

A

-Serotonergic receptors of the raphe nuclie

90
Q

What is stage 5 of the sleep cycle?

A

-REM sleep

91
Q

What is stage 5 of the sleep cycle controlled by?

A

-Nonadrenergic neurons of the locus cereleus

92
Q

High frequencies vibrate hair cells where?

A

-in the oval window

93
Q

From the oval window, vibrations enter where?

A

-Scala Vestibuli

94
Q

Lower frequencies activate hair cells where?

A

-near the apex of the cochlea

95
Q

Where is the scala tympani found?

A

-the apex of the chochlea

96
Q

What does Renee’s Test test for?

A

-Conductive hearling loss

97
Q

The subcortical arousal system in the upper brain stem used what neurotransmitters?

A

-Serotonin, dopamine and norepinphrine

98
Q

The subcortical arousal system in the upper brain stem and pontomedullary reticular formation used what neurotransmitters?

A

-Acetylcholine, Glutamate

99
Q

The subcortical arousal system in the Posterior Hypothalamic nuerons use what neurotransmitters?

A

-Orexin and Histamine

100
Q

The subcortical arousal system in the Basal forebrain use what neurotransmitters?

A

-Acetylcholine

101
Q

The subcortical arousal system in the thalamic nueclei use what neurotransmitters?

A

-Glutamate

Clinical Neuroscience (3 decks)

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