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Clinical Neuroscience > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 steps of the embryological development of the nervous system?

A

-Neurolation, Cell Proliferation, Migration, Formation and synaptogenesis

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2
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

-Day 14

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3
Q

What is the embryo referred to at the stage of gastrulation?

A

-Gastrula

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4
Q

What three layers form during gastrulation?

A

-The ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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5
Q

The entire nervous system is derived from what?

A

-The embryonic ectoderm

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6
Q

At what day does the notochord from?

A

-21 Days

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7
Q

What cell layer is the notochord located in?

A

-The mesoderm

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8
Q

The notochord enduces the ectoderm to form what?

A

-The neuroectoderm

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9
Q

The neuroectoderm that is much thicker than the regular ectoderm is referred to as what?

A

-Neural Plate

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10
Q

At what day do the neural crests fuse to form the neural tube?

A

-28

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11
Q

The neural tube goes on the form what?

A

-The entire CNS

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12
Q

What does the cavity of the neural tube go on to become?

A

-The ventricular system

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13
Q

What do the neural crest go onto form?

A

-The peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

Where does the neural tube close first?

A

-In the thoracic region, then moves cranially and lastly caudally

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15
Q

How long does the neural tube take to form?

A

-1 week

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16
Q

What does the neural tube close off from once it closes?

A

-The ectoderm

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17
Q

How long do the ends of the neural tube stay open?

A

-2 week

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18
Q

What are the two open ends of the neural tube called?

A

-The anterior and posterior neuropore

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19
Q

Failure of the posterior neuropore to close will cause what?

A

-Spine Bifida

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20
Q

Failure of the anterior neuropore to close will cause what?

A

-anoncephaly

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21
Q

The prosencephalan is also called what?

A

-The fore brain

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22
Q

The prosencephalan goes on to split into what two structure?

A

-The telencephalan and diencephalan

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23
Q

The telencephalan will go on to form what structure?

A

-Cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, Subcortical white matter, basal ganglia and the basal forebrain nuclei

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24
Q

The diencephalan will go on to form what structures?

A

-Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

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25
Q

The mesencephalan is also called what?

A

-the midbrain

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26
Q

The mesencephalan goes on to form what structures?

A

-Cerebral peduncles, tectum and tegumentum

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27
Q

The rhombencephalan is also called what?

A

-The hind brain

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28
Q

What does the rhombencephalan divide in to?

A

-The metencephalan and myelinocephalan

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29
Q

What Metencephalan forms what structures?

A

-The pons and cerrebellum

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30
Q

The myelenocephalan forms what structures?

A

-Medulla

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31
Q

What flexure of the nervous system forms to divide the brain and the brain stem?

A

-Cephalic Flexure

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32
Q

What flexure of the nervous system forms the divide the brain and spincal cord?

A

-Cervical Flexure

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33
Q

What divides the neural tube in to ventral and dorsal portions?

A

-Sulcus Limitans

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34
Q

The dorsal portion of the neural tube is called what?

A

-The Alar Plate

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35
Q

That does the Alar Plate go on to form?

A

-Sensory Neurons and Tracts

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36
Q

What is the ventral portion of the neural tube called?

A

-The basal plate

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37
Q

The basal plate is the future sight of what?

A

-efferent motor information

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38
Q

What are the 3 cellular layers that form during proliferation?

A

-The Germinal layer (inner most), Mantle layer and Marginal layer (outer most)

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39
Q

The marginal layer goes onto form what?

A

-The lining of the central canal and ventricles

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40
Q

What is formed in the marginal layer to help move CSF>

A

-Cilia

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41
Q

The mantle layer goes on to form what?

A

-Grey matter of the spinal cord

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42
Q

The marginal layer goes on to form what?

A

-White matter of the spinal cord

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43
Q

At the end of proliferation how many neurons is the embryo estimated to have?

A

-85 million

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44
Q

What occurs in the migration stage?

A

-Cells move to the right location

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45
Q

What are the two types of migration?

A

-Radial and Tangental

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46
Q

Where does radial migration occur?

A

-In the Spinal cord up through the telecephalan

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47
Q

What is utilized to move cells in radial migration?

A

-radial glial cells

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48
Q

Where does tangential migration occur?

A

-Miainly in the brain stem

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49
Q

What is utilized in tangential migration to move cells?

A

-Axons or glial cells

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50
Q

Deficits in migration can cause what?

A

Dyslexia and Lissencephaly

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51
Q

What forms during the cell differentiation stage of NS development?

A

-Axons, Dendrites and Cranial nerves

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52
Q

What are the first cranial nerves to develop?

A

-“suck, gag and swallow” Nerves (CNs V. VII. IX, X, and XII)

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53
Q

When do the suck swallow and gag CNs develop?

A

-14 weeks

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54
Q

What are the second cranial nerves to develop?

A

-The visual motor system (CNs 1st II, then III, IV, and VI)

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55
Q

When do the visual motor system CNs develope?

A

-25 weeks

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56
Q

What are the 3rd set of CNs to develop?

A

-Hearing (CN VIII)

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57
Q

When do the hearing CNs develop?

A

-28 weeks

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58
Q

What is the 4th set of CNs to develop?

A

-Ole Faction (CN I)

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59
Q

When does CN I develop?

A

-31-32 weeks

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60
Q

What is synaptogensis associated with?

A

-permanent learning, ability to transfer energy throughout the nervous system

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61
Q

Synaptogenesis is the basis for what?

A

-plasticity

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62
Q

What creates cerebral spinal fluid?

A

-The choroid plexus

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63
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A

-the floor of the lateral ventricle and roof of the third ventricle

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64
Q

Where does CSF leave the ventricular system?

A

-The foramen in the 4th ventricle

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65
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

-Pia mater, Achachnoid Mater, Dura Mater

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66
Q

What is the portion of the meninges that drops below the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

-Falx Cerebri

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67
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

-Neurons that have multiple axons and dendrite

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68
Q

What type of cells are typically multipolar?

A

-Mammalian cells

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69
Q

What are Bipolar neurons?

A

-Nuerons with a single axon and dendrite

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70
Q

Where are Bipolar neurons usualy found?

A

-The visual and olefaction systems

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71
Q

What is a unipolar nueron?

A

-A neuron with the axon and dendrtie coming off from a single process

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72
Q

Where are unipolar neurons usually found?

A

-Invertibrates

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73
Q

What forms myelin in the CNS?

A

-oligodenrites

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74
Q

What forms myelin in the PNS?

A

-Schwann cells

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75
Q

What is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

-Glutamate

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76
Q

What in the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS?

A

-GABA

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77
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the PNS?

A

-Acetylcholine

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78
Q

What neurotransmitter of the ANS is responsible for parasympathetic function?

A

-Acetylcholine

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79
Q

What neurotransmitter of the ANS is responsible for sympathetic function?

A

-Norepinepherine

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80
Q

What is the purpose of white matter?

A

-send information over long distances

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81
Q

What makes white matter white?

A

-Meylin

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82
Q

What structures are considered grey matter?

A

-Cerebral Cortex, basal ganglia, Thalamus and CN nuclie

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83
Q

What is considered the “white matter free way”?

A

-Fascicle or lemniscus

84
Q

What structure connects the left and right side of the brain?

A

-The white matter commisure

85
Q

In the Spinal cord, synapses occur in what?

A

-Grey matter

86
Q

In the PNS, peripheral nerves are what?

A

-White matter

87
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

-L1/L2

88
Q

What spinal nerves make up the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

-T1-L3

89
Q

What spinal nerves make up the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

-CNs III,VII,IX, and X

90
Q

What are the left and right hemispheres of the brain divided by?

A

-The interhemispheric fissure

91
Q

What is the white matter structure within the hemispheres?

A

-Corpus Collosum

92
Q

What divides the Frontal and Paritietal lobes?

A

-Central Sulcus

93
Q

What divides the Frontal and temporal lobes?

A

-Sylvian fissure

94
Q

What divides the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

-Parieto-occipital fissure

95
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

-The Pre-central Gyrus of the frontal lobe

96
Q

Where is the Primary sensory cortex located?

A

-The Post-Central gyrus of the parietal lobe

97
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

-Caudal portion of the occitpial lobe

98
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

-The gyrus of hechel, on the temporal lobe, just below the slyvian fissure

99
Q

What is the 6 layers of the neocortex?

A

-Molecular layer, Small Pyramidal Layer, Medium Pyramidal layer, Granular Layer, Large Pyramidal layer, Polymorphic layer

100
Q

What is the function of the molecular layer?

A

-Connects axons and dendrite from other layers

101
Q

What is the function of the small pyramidal layer?

A

-Cortical to cortical connections

102
Q

What is the function of the medium pyramidal layer?

A

-Cortical to cortical connections

103
Q

What is the Function of the granular layer?

A

-Receive input from the thalamus

104
Q

What is the function of the large pyramidal layer?

A

-Sends output to subcortical structures except the thalamus

105
Q

What is the function of the Polymorphic Layer?

A

-Send output to the thalamus

106
Q

What is the only tract that runs through the pyramids?

A

-Corticospinal tract

107
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract originate?

A

-Primary motor cortex

108
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract cross the pyramidal decussation?

A

-The medulla

109
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract synapse to the lower motor neuron?

A

-ventral horn in the grey matter

110
Q

What system regulate emotion, appetite and memory?

A

-Limbic System

111
Q

The parietal lobe is divided into the superior and inferior lobes by what?

A

-Intraparietal sulcus

112
Q

Damage to the inferior lobe of the parietal lobe may cause what?

A
  • Gertsmann’s Syndrome: Problems with caluations, left.right confusion
  • Ataxia
113
Q

Damage to right parietal lobe may cause what?

A

-Unilateral neglect, anasognosia

114
Q

What lobe has the largest association area?

A

-Frontal

115
Q

Where is the visual association cortex?

A

-Parietooccipital lobe and temporal lode

116
Q

General appearance of the physical exam can give insight to what?

A

-Cognition

117
Q

Head shape can tell what?

A

-If patient has tumor or hydrocephaly

118
Q

What could stiffness in the neck signify?

A

-Meningeal irritation

119
Q

What are the three most common imaging modalities?

A

-CT, MRI, Angriography

120
Q

How will an acute hemorrhage appear on a CT?

A

-White (Hyperdense)

121
Q

How will a hemorrhage appear on a CT after one week?

A

-Grey (isodense)

122
Q

How will a hemorrhage appear on a CT after 2-3 weeks?

A

-Black (hypodense)

123
Q

What is mass effect?

A

-anything that distorts the usual anatomy of the brain by displacement

124
Q

How does brain matter appear on a T1 MRI?

A

-Grey

125
Q

How does white matter occur on a T1 MRI?

A

-White

126
Q

How does grey matter appear on a T2 MRI?

A

-White

127
Q

How does white matter appear on a T2 MRI?

A

-Grey

128
Q

How does water appear on a T1 MRI?

A

-Dark

129
Q

How does Fat appear on a T1 MRI?

A

-Bright

130
Q

How does CSF appear on a T1 MRI?

A

-Dark

131
Q

How does water appear on a T2 MRI?

A

-Bright

132
Q

How does fat appear on a T2 MRI?

A

-Dark

133
Q

How does CSF appear on a T2 MRI?

A

-Very BRight

134
Q

How does CSF appear on a FLAIR MRI?

A

-Dark

135
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

-Adaptive capactity of the CNS, its ability to modify its organization and function

136
Q

Structural/Neural Plasticity:

A

-Changes in the organization or number of connections among neurons

137
Q

Unmaksing, synaptogenesis, and collateral sprouting are what type of plasticity?

A

-Structural

138
Q

What is Functional Plasticity?

A

-Changes in the efficiency or strength of synaptic connections

139
Q

What are the 5 parts of the Basal Ganglia:

A

-Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Glubus Pallidus, Subthalamic Nucleus, and Substantia Nigra

140
Q

What forms the striatum of the basal ganglia?

A

-Caudate Nucleus and Putamen

141
Q

What makes up the lenticular nucleus?

A

-Putamen and globus pallidus

142
Q

Is the internal capsule grey or white matter?

A

-White

143
Q

What is Brodmenn’s Area 1-3?

A

-Primary Somatosensory cortex

144
Q

Where is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex (BA 1-3) located?

A

-Postcentral Gryus

145
Q

What is Brodmenn’s Area 4?

A

-Primary Motor Cortex

146
Q

Where is the Primary Motor Cortex Located?

A

-Precentral gryus of

147
Q

What is Brodmenn’s Area 17?

A

-Primary Visual Cortex

148
Q

Where is the primary Visual cortex located?

A

-The banks of the Calcanine Fissure of the occipital lobe

149
Q

What is Brodmenn’s Area 18?

A

-Secondary Visual Cortex

150
Q

Where is the secondary visual cortex locater?

A

-The medial and later occipital gyri

151
Q

What is Brodmenn’s Area 22?

A

-Higher order auditory cortex/Wernickes area?

152
Q

Where is the higher order auditory cortex located?

A

-Superior Temporal Gyrus

153
Q

What is Brodmenn’s Area 41?

A

-Primary Auditory Cortex

154
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

-Gyrus of Heschl/Superior Temporal Gryus

155
Q

What is Brodmenn’s Area 42?

A

-Secondary Auditory Cortex

156
Q

Where is the secondary auditory cortex located?

A

-Gryus of Heschl/Superior Temporal Gryus

157
Q

What is Brodmenn’s Area 44/45?

A
  • Lateral Premotor Cortex/Broca’s Area

45: Prefrontal Association Cortex

158
Q

Where is the lateral premotor cortex lacoted?

A

-Inferior Frontal Gryus

159
Q

What is CN I?

A

-Olefactory Nerve

160
Q

What is the function of CN I?

A

-Smell

161
Q

Where does CN I attach to the brain?

A

-Ole Factory Bulb

162
Q

What is CN II?

A

-Optic Nerve

163
Q

Where does CN II attach to the brain?

A

-Lateral Geniculate of the Thalamus

164
Q

What is CN III?

A

-Occulomotor Nerve

165
Q

What is the function of CN III?

A

-Eye Movement except abduction and downward Medial rotation

166
Q

Where does CN III attach to the brain?

A

-Midbrain

167
Q

What is CN IV?

A

-Trochlear

168
Q

What is the function of CN IV?

A

-Downward Medially rotates the eye

169
Q

Where does CN IV attach to the brain?

A

-Midbrain

170
Q

What is CN V?

A

-Trigeminal

171
Q

What is the function of CN V?

A

-Sensation to the face and muscles of mastication

172
Q

Where does CN V attach to the brain?

A

-Pons

173
Q

What is CN VI?

A

-Abducens

174
Q

What is the function CN VI?

A

-Abducts Eye

175
Q

Where does CN VI attach to the brain?

A

-Pons

176
Q

What is CN VII?

A

-Facial Nerve

177
Q

What is the function of CN VII?

A

-Muscle of facial expression & Tears, Salvation and Tasta

178
Q

Where does CN VII attach to the brain?

A

-Pons

179
Q

What is CN VIII?

A

-Vestibulochochlear

180
Q

What is the function of CN VIII?

A

-Hearing and Vestibular Senses

181
Q

What is CN IX?

A

-Glossopharyngeal

182
Q

What is the function of CN IX?

A

-Taste, sensory to tongue and pharynx

183
Q

Where does CN IX attach to the brain?

A

-Medulla

184
Q

What is CN X?

A

-Vagus

185
Q

What is the function of CN X?

A

-Parasympathetic Stimulation

186
Q

Where does CN X attach to the brain?

A

-Medulla

187
Q

What is CN XI?

A

-Spinal Accessory

188
Q

What is the function of CN XI?

A

-Motor to SCOM and Upper Trap

189
Q

Where does CN XI attach to the brain?

A

-IT doesnt, arises from C1-C5/6 spinal nerve

190
Q

What is CN XII?

A

-Hypoglossal

191
Q

What is the function of the CN XII?

A

-Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

192
Q

Where does CN XII attach to the brain?

A

-Medulla

193
Q

What is Brodmenn’s Area 5?

A

-Teriary Somatosensory Cortex/Posterior Parietal Association Cortex

194
Q

Where is Brodmenn’s Area 5 Located?

A

-Lobule

195
Q

What is the Function of Brodmenn’s Area 5?

A

-Sterogenesis

196
Q

What is Brodmenn’s Area 7?

A

-Posterior Parietal Association Area

197
Q

What is the function of Brodmenn’s Area 7?

A

-Supeerior Parietal Lobule

198
Q

Damage to what will cause Gerstmann’s Syndrome?

A

-Dominant Parietal Lobe

199
Q

Damage to what area will cause Apraxia?

A

-Dominant Hemisphere, Parietal Cortex

200
Q

Muscle Atrophy is indicative of damage to what area of the NS?

A

-LMN

201
Q

Hoffmann’s Sign tests for what type of pathology?

A

-Cervical Spine

202
Q

Positive Babinski’s sign means what?

A

-An UMN lesion somewhere along the corticospinal tract

203
Q

What two reflexes may be present with frontal lobe damage?

A

-Glabellar Response & Palmomental Reflex

204
Q

What should you test for to test the anterolateral tract?

A

-Sharp vs Dull

205
Q

What should you test to test the DCML Tract?

A

-Vibration on ball of toe

Clinical Neuroscience (3 decks)

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