Exam III Flashcards by Ericka Jaramillo

Where do the hemangioblasts come together and form the primitive heart, blood vessels and blood cells?

Cardiogenic field

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Which portions of the endocardial heart tubes make contact with the developing venous system?

The caudal portions

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When the foramen primum closes what is it replaced by?

Second foramen (foramen [ostium] secundum)

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The septum primum serves as a valve for what structure during atrial partitioning?

What does it do?

Foramen ovale

Prevents return of blood into the right atrium

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During the first breaths vascular resistance increases or decreases in the lungs?

Decreases

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What assists in the physiological closure of the foramen ovale during the first breaths?

Vascular resistance decreases in the lungs and blood pressure in the pulmonary circulatory system drops.

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What is divided into the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk by a spiral septum?

Truncus arteriosus

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What structure ensures that the blood from the right ventricle flows into the pulmonary trunk and that the blood from the left ventricle flows into the ascending aorta?

Spiral aorto-pulmonary septum

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What causes the condition Transposition of the great vessels?

The spiral septum in the truncus arteriosus develops straight instead of spirally and causes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to flow into the ascending aorta and the highly oxygenated blood from the left ventricle flows into the pulmonary trunk.

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What causes megaesophagus?

A persistent right aortic arch.

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Label each layer:

Right arrow: Endocardium

Middle arrow: Purkinje fibers

Left arrow: Myocardium

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Label each arrow:

Left arrow: Epicardium

Middle arrow: Epicardial fat

Right arrow: Myocardium

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Label each structure:

What type of muscle is this?

A. Tunica adventitia

B. Tunica media

C. Tunica intima

Smooth muscle

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Name the labeled structure:

Smooth muscle nuclei

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Name the labeled structures:

What type of artery is this?

Tunica adventitia
Tunica media
Tunica intima

Elastic artery

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The tunica adventitia contains the _________ to assist in supplying nutritional needs of thick tunica media

Vasa vasorum

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Name each labeled structure:

A. Atrium

B. A/V valve

C. Ventricle

D. Epicardium

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Name each labeled structure:

A. Elastic artery

B. Muscular artery

C. Arteriole

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Name the type of muscle in the following image:

Myocardium: Cardiac muscle

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Label each layer in the following image:

Top arrow: Tunica intima

Middle arrow/bracket thing: Tunica media

Bottom arrow/bracket thing: Tunica adventitia

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Is the following image of an artery or a vein?

Vein

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Name the following image:

Hepatic sinusoids

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Name the following image:

Lymphatic vessel

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What vessels are known as ‘leaky’ vessels?

Venules

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RBC can exit through which type of capillary?

Discontinuous (sinusoidal)

Which capillary can be found in muscle, brain, bone and lungs?

Continuous: Blood brain-barriers and blood-testis barriers

Which capillary is in tissues with substantial fluid exchange?

Fenestrated capillary

Which cells wrap around capillaries and venules and "communicate" with endothelial cells by physical contact and paracrine signaling?

Pericytes (Rouget cells): They proliferate after injury. May be replacement stem cell source. Important in angiogenesis

What represents the site of exchange between blood and surrounding tissue?

Capillaries

What are the three classifications of capillaries?

Continuous Fenestrated Discontinuous (sinusoidal)

Parts of the central nervous system rich in cell bodies but have limited number of myelinated axons are known as:

Grey Matter

Region of the central nervous system rich in myelinated axons

White Matter

Name the following structure (neural tissue). What is it composed of?

Neural Soma. Contains Nissl Substance.

Contact between neurons and/or effector cells are known as:

Synapse

The __________ connect the axon to the body of the neuron.

Axon Hillock

Number 6 represents:

Axoaxonic synapse

Number 7 represents:

Axodendritic synapse

Number 8 represents:

Axoaxonic synapse on axon hillock

Identify the following structure

Motor End Plate (Neuromuscular junction)

Nocireceptors and Thermoreceptors are an example of which type of nerve ending?

Free (naked) nerve endings

The following structure characterized by an "onion" appearance is a _______________ and it is a mechanoreceptor for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Pacinian corpuscle responsible for sensing deep pressure

The following image represents the __________ and can be found at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into tendons. It senses \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Golgi organ senses stretching. It is composed of muscle spindles.

The following image represents a cross section of a:

Muscle Spindle

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ form the myelin sheath in the neurons as they wrap around and form a "tree ring" like appearance. (Represented by #3)

Olygodendrocytes

Identify the following structure (note it's location in the periphery of the axon).

Oligodendrocyte

Resident macrophages of the Central nervous System are known as:

Microgliocytes (Note the vacuolation due to ingestion of celular debris)

The Choroid Plexus is lined by which type of cell?

Ependymal cells. Also line the central canal of the spinal cord.

The following image represents:

Choroid Plexus located within the lateral ventricles of the brain

True or False: Oligodendrocytes can aid the mylienation of multiple axons in one neural cell and multiple axons in different neurons.

True

The following structure seen with GFAP special staining is a:

Astrocyte

Protoplasmic Astrocytes can be found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while Fibrilar Astrocytes can be found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. Grey Matter b. White Matter

Protoplasmic in grey matter Fibrilar in white matter

True or False: Grey matter is peripheral in the brain while it is central in the spinal cord

True

Identify the following areas:

Top arrow: Grey matter Bottom arrow: White matter

Identify the following areas:

Top arrow: Grey matter Bottom arrow: White matter

The Subarachnoid space between the meninges of the brain contain:

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

The outermost layer (meninges) of the spinal cord is known as:

Dura matter

The ______________ separates white matter from the arachnoid space.

Pia Matter

Site of cerebral spinal fluid formation:

Choroid plexus

Cerebrospinal fluid must be drained away and it is replaced ______ times a day.

3x a day

Structure that helps control the peristaltic movement of the gastrointestinal tract

Myentric Plexus

The atrio-pulmonary septum ensures that blood from the right ventricle goes into the _____________ and blood from the left ventricle exit through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Right ventricle \> Pulmonary Trunk Left Ventricle \> Ascendign aorta

A transposition of the great blood vessels that causes a patent ductus arteriosus is known as:

Persistent right aortic arch

Portion of the brain that links the neural system to the endocrine system is the:

Hypothalamus

The ____________ of the Hypothalamus releases hormones into the blood's portal system.

Adenohypophisis

Hormones are stored in the _________ of the hypothalamus and released when needed.

Neurohypophisis

During pituitary embryonic development the adenohypophisis arises from the: a. Pars nervosa b. Pars distalis c. Infundibulum d. Pars anterior

Pars distalis

The pituitary gland during embryonic development is divided by the :

Infundibulum

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin are released by the ________ and stored in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Neurohypophisis stored in the Herring bodies

Source of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) in the pituitary gland is the: a. Pars intermedia b. Pars distalis c. Infundibulum d. Pars tuberalis

Pars intermedia

Pinnealocytes produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Melatonin

The following image represent a cross section of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. C cells are producing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Thyroid. C cells are producing calcitonin which lower calcium activity.

The Parathyroid gland is composed of ________ cells. Which stimulate the release of paratohormone to increase calcium resorption.

Chief cells. (Stimulate osteoclasts)

Identify the following layers of the adrenal gland. What is secreted by each of the layers?

Acronym: GFRM (Go Fucking Rest Man!) Zona Glomelurosa (Top): Aldosterone Zona Fasciculata: Cortisol Zona Reticularis: Androgen sex cells Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Identify the following structure composed of Alpha, Beta, Delta and F cells:

Islets of Langhergan in the Pancreas. Specific types of cells can only be seen by special staining methods.

Ear wax is also known as:

Cerumen

The tympanic membrane is covered externally by _________ and internally by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Which type of epithelia?

Externally by stratified squamous and internally by simple squamous epithelium.

The tympanic cavity in the middle ear contains which 3 auditory ossicle bones are:

Malleous Incus Stapes

The choclea is located in which part of the ear?

Inner ear

The tympanic bulla lines which part of the middle ear?

The ventral part

The bony labyrinth in the ear contains which type of protective fluid?

Perilymph

The membranous labyrinth in the inner ear contains which type of protective fluid?

Endolymph

Which arrow is highliting the choclea?

The crysta ampullaris in the ear detects which type of motions?

Angular acceleration and deceleration

The otolithic membrane in the ear senses which type of movement?

Linear acceleration and deceleration

The ___________ is a gelatinous mass which moves and bends hair cells in the inner ear and send the impulses via the vestibular branch of cranial nerve number \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Cupula sends the impulse to the brain by the cranial nerve #8

The structured labeled with "A" is which structure of the inner ear?

Cupula

The eustachian tube in the horse is known as the __________ and is of clinical importance

Guttural pouch

Which auditory ossicle can be visualized from the outer ear canal?

Malleus

Cerumen (ear wax) is a product of which type of glandular secretion?

Apical gland secretion

Identify

Plasma Cell

Identify

Basophil

Identify

Platelets

Identify. Judging fromt the morphology of the red blood cells, what type of animals does this smear most likely belong to?

Heterophils. The smear most likely belong to a reptile, bird, amphibian or fish.

Identify

Neutrophils

Identify

Eosinophils. Notice eosinophilic granules in cytoplasm.

Identify the structure labelled 2, 3, 5 and 7 of the developing heart.

2: Primary atrial septum 3: Secondary atrial septum 5: Ostium secundum 7: Interventricular septum

Linning cells of the thyroid secrete _________ which is stored in the follicle lumen as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Linning cells create Thyroglobulin which is converted to Thyroxin (T3/T4) and stored in the lumen as "colloid"