Exam III Flashcards
Type of Gland - Parotid
Compound Acinar
Purely Serous
Type of Gland - Submandibular
Compound Tubuloacinar
Mixed Gland - Primarily Serous
Type of Gland - Sublingual
Compound Tubuloacinar
Mixed Gland - Primarily Mucus
Intralobular Ducts not well developed
Type of Gland - Pancreas
Compound Acinar
Similar to Parotid but has islets of Langerhans, centroacinar cells, and NO striated ducts
Duct cells secrete bicarbonate
Sjogren Syndrome
Autoimmune disease
Salivary and Lingual Glans infiltrated by CD4+ T cells
Antibodies against ribonucleoproteins SS-A (Ro) and SS-B (La)
Usually F b/w 50-60
Parotid enlargement
Lymph nodes enlarged with B cells
Extraglandular manifestations: Synovitis, pulmonary fibrosis, peripheral neuropathy
Exocrine classifications and examples
Unicellular-Goblet Cell
Multicellular Sheet- Lumen of Stomach
Simple Acinar - Paraurethral glands
Simple Branched Acinar - Sebaceous Glands
Simple Tubular - Intestinal Glands
Simple Coiled Tubular - Sweat glands
Simple Branched Tubular - Glands of Stomach/duodenum
Compound Acinar - Pancreas
Compoud Tubular - Bulbourethral Glands
Compound Tubuloacinar - Submandibular/Sublingual
Langerhans Cells
Dendritic Cells of Epidermis
Mainly in S. Spinosum
Antigen Presenting Cells
Birbeck Granules
Merckel Cells
Mechanoreceptors in S. Basale
Fine, detailed touch
Numerous in fingertips
Unmyelinated nerve terminals approach Merckel Cells to form Merckel cell-neurite complexes
Special Inclusions of S. Granulosum cells
Keratohyalin Granules - soft keratin
Membrane-Coating Granules - aka lamellar bodies, contain lipids that exocytose to apex to waterproof the integument, chokes more superficial cells of nutrients leading to death
Special Inclusions of S. Spinosum cells
Membrane coating granules - aka lamellar granules (same as granulosum) Intermediate filaments (tonofilaments) = cytokeratin, in upper layers form bundles called tonofibrils
Epidermis derived from =
Dermis derived from =
E= Ectoderm (melanocytes from neural crest) D= Mesoderm
Receptors in Papillary Dermal layer
Meissner Corpuscles (mechanoreceptors) Krause End Bulbs
Receptors in Reticular Dermal Layer
Pacinian Corpuscles (Pressure, vibrations) Ruffini Corpuscles (tensile fores, numerous in soles)
Apocrine Sweat Gland mode of secretion
MEROCRINE
Sebaceous Gland mode of secretion
HOLOCRINE
Nail Bed
S. Basale and S. Spinosum
Where nail growth occurs
Nail Matrix (near EPOnychium -> proximal nail fold. Hyponychium is distal fold)
Normal Hematocrit
(% RBC in blood sample)
Male: 45
Female: 40
Neonate: 55 (drops to 35 by 2mo and slowly rises to adult level until about puberty
Serum=?
Plasma - Fibrinogen
Transmembrane Proteins of Erythrocytes
Glycophorin (A,B,C) - fxn unknown
Band 3 - HCO3-/Cl- antiporter
Skeleton of Erythrocyte
Band 4.1 anchor cytoskeletal components by complexing spectrin, actin, and glyophorin
Band 3, band 4.2, akyrin and spectrin form another complex
Adducin (calmodulin binding protein) promotes actin-spectrin association
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Mutations in ankyrin, band 3, spectrin, band 4.2
Spherical shaped RBCs destroyed in spleed -> anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly
Elliptocytosis
Mutations in Spectrin, band 4.1, or glycophorin C
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Basophilic Nuclear Fragments in cytoplams of RBCs
Pitted out by splenic macrophages
Present in pts with severe hemolytic anemia, spleen dsfxns, post-splenectomy
Heinz Bodies
Inclusions of damaged Hb.
Result of oxidative damage (G6PD deficiency)
Splenic Macrophages remove and damage the membrane forming bite cells
Dohle Body
Found in neutrophils in response to infection and certain other circumstances
Dilated ER.
Four Zones of Platelets
Peripheral - Membrane and glycocalyx
Structural - Microtubules and actin/mysoin
Membrane - open canalicular/dense tubular system
Organelle - Mito, Glycogen granules, Peroxisomes, granules (alpha, delta, lambda… all lysosomes)
Myoendothelial Junction
Shear stress on endothelial layer causes hyperpolarization of endothelial cell which synapses with smooth muscle cells via gap junctions. Hyperpolarization of SMCs leads to vasoDILATION
Weibel-Palade Bodies
Found in endothelial cells Contain: -Von Willebrand Factor (coag factor VIII) -Tissue Plasminogen Activator -IL8 -P Selectin
Neovascularization from Epithelial Precursor Cells
EPCs mobilize from niche (usually red bone marrow), complete mechanism not well understood
This mechanism used to:
Replace lost endothelial cells
Re-endothelialize vascular implants
Neovascularization of ischemic organs, wounds, tumors
Neovascularization from pre-existing vessels
- Vasodilation due to NO. Increases vascular permeability due to VEGF from parent vessel
- Degredation of basal lamina by metalloproteinases. Cell to cell contacts shed, mediated by plasminogen activator
- Endothelial cells migrate and proliferate, due to proangiogenic factors (VEGF, angiopoietin). Fibroblast growth factor-2 can induce this too
- Endothelial cells mature into endothelial capillary tue
- Elaboration of basal lamina due to TransformingGF-B.
Periendothelial cells recruited by Ang 1 with Tie2 receptors on endo cells. Smooth muscle cells recruited by PDGF.
Ang 2 is involved in remodeling process by blocking stabilizing action of Ang 1
Vascular Remodeling - Altered Flow
High Flow = Increase in luminal and outer diameter
Low Flow = Decrease in luminal and outer diameter
Vascular Remodeling - Increased Pressure
Large Artery = Outward hypertrophy (thicker wall, lumen unchanged)
Small Artery = Inward hypertrophy (Thicker wall, lumen gets smaller
Arterioles:
-Inward hypertrophy
-Inward (eutrophic) remodeling - wall thickness AND diameter decrease
-Rarefaction - vessel degenerates
3 AV valve layers
Atrialis (elastin, aids in contracting valve)
Spongiosa (proteoglycan, shock absorber)
Fibrosa (collagen, mechanical integrity)
Semilunar valve layers
Fibrosa (Mechanical integrity, subjacent to vessel endothelium (aortic or pulmonic))
Spongiosa (Shock absorber)
Ventricularis (elastin, subjacent to ventricular surface endothelium)
Myxomatous Degeneration of AV valve
Floppy Valve
Possibly due to overexpression of decorin (regulates fibril assembly), may lead to distensiblilty of myxomatous tissue
Lipid/Cholesterol Guidelines
45mg/dL HDL
<150mg/dL triglycerides
Frequencies of Coronary Artery Stenosis
Right Coronary: 30-40%
LAD: 40-50%
Circumflex:15-20%
Progression of Cerebral Infarctions
- Eosinophilia of neurons
- Neutrophil invasion
- Macrophage and reactive gliosis
Primary Lymph Tissues
Thymus, Bone Marrow
Sites of maturation
Secondary Lymph Tissue
Nodes, MALT (galt, balt, tonsils), spleen
Places of antigen presentation and/or immunological defense
Cells/Secretions of Islets in Pancreas
Alpha - Glucagon
Beta- Insulin
Delta - Somatostatin (reduce smooth muscle contraction of GI and bladder)
G cells - Gastrin (stimuates HCl synthesis by parietal cells in stomach mucosa)
PP (F cells) - Pancreatic Polypeptide (inhibits pancreated exocrine secretion)
Cortical Adrenal Regions (and products)
From superficial to deep: Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids eg aldosterone) Zona Fasciculata (glucocorticoids eg cortisol) - is largest layer Zone Reticularis (androgens)
