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Cell/Tissue Biology > Exam 1 (Tissue Processing - Cell VII) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Tissue Processing - Cell VII) Flashcards

1
Q

Hematoxylin

A

Stains basophilic structures blue

RNA, DNA, ribosomes, rER

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2
Q

Eosin

A

Stains acidophilic structures pink

Secretory vesicles, sER, lysosomes, mitochindria, type I collagen

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3
Q

Feulgen reaction

A

Magenta (purplish-pink)

DNA

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4
Q

Mallory Triple

A

Nuclei - Red
Muscle- Red to orange
Collagen-Blue
Hyaline Cart. - Blue

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5
Q

PAS reaction

A

Magenta

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

Osmic Acid

A

Black

Lipids

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7
Q

Verhoeff

A

Black

Elastic Fibers

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8
Q

Silver Methods

A

Black

Intermediate filaments of nerve cells, glial cells, reticular fibers (type III colagen)

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9
Q

Trypan Blue

A

Blue

Macrophages

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10
Q

Prussian Blue

A

Blue

Macrophages

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11
Q

Nissl

A

Blue

Ribosomes

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12
Q

Iron Hematoxylin

A

Dark blue to black

Nuclear elements, chromosomes, mitochondria, centrioles, muscle striation

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13
Q

Steps of Tissue Processing

A 
Fixation - Formalin or Glutaraldehyde
Dehydration - Alcohol series
Clearing - Xylene
Embedding - Paraffin
Sectioning - NA
Mouting - NA
Staining - blah blah
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14
Q

Acid dyes

A

Negative Charge

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15
Q

Basic dyes

A

Positive charge

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16
Q

What stain: coagulative necrosis

A

H and E

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17
Q

What stain: Thickened basement membrane, glycogen storage disease, alpha1-antitrypsin

A

PAS

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18
Q

What stain: Fibrosis

A

Mallory triple

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19
Q

What stain: Nuclear changes

A

Feulgen

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20
Q

What stain: excessive iron

A

Prussian Blue

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21
Q

What stain: extracellular amyloid

A

Congo red

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22
Q

What stain: elastic fibers

A

Verhoeff

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23
Q

3 cellular constituents

A

Organelles
Inclusions
Cytosol

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24
Q

Cytosol vs Cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm- everything external to nucleus including cytosol

Cytosol- Part of cytoplasm void of organelles and inclusions

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25
Q

Cellular Inclusions

A

Foods
Pigment
Crystalline

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26
Q

Inclusions: Foods

A

Gylcogen

Lipids

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27
Q

Inclusions: Exogenous Pigments

A 
Carotene
Inhaled Carbon (anthracosis = benign accumulation of carbon in lungs and surrounding lymph nodes
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28
Q

Inclusions: Endogenous Pigments

A

Hemoglobin
Hemosiderin (iron…hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis. Also seen in sputum of those with heart failure)
Bilirubin
Melanin (Eumelanin, neuromelanin, phaeomelanin)
Lipofuscin (stress and/or lognevity

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29
Q

Inclusions: Crystalline

A

Crystal of Reinke (cells of Leydig)

Inclusion of Charcot-Bottcher (cells of Sertoli)

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30
Q

Na/K pump

A

3 Na out 2 K in at expense of ATP

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31
Q

Digoxin and heart failure

A
  • Partially inhibits Na/K pump = more cellular Na.
  • Increased Na slows the Na/Ca pump which pumps Na in and Ca out = more cellular Ca
  • More cellular Ca = increased contractility
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32
Q

Multidrug Resistant Transporters

A 
MDR-1 = Transports drugs (liver, BBB, kidney...)
MDR-2 = Transports direct bilirubin (defective in Dubin-Johnson syndrome)
MDR-3 = Flips phosphatidylcholine to outer membrane to be excreted into bile
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33
Q

Where are glycolipids found

A

Exclusively on extracellular monolayer

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34
Q

5 endocytotic pathways

A 
Macropinocytosis
Clathrin-Mediated 
Non-coated-mediated 
Caveolae mediated 
Phagocytosis
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35
Q

Macropinocytosis

A

Actin Based
non-specific
-thyroid cells uptake of thryoglobulin, dendritic cells for immune surveillance

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36
Q

Clathrin-mediated

A
  • Dynamin required (GTPase)
  • Can be receptor mediated
  • Adaptin on intracellular portion of receptor
  • Come uncoated quickly after uptake
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37
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating”

  • Actin dependent
  • Generally receptor mediated (zipper mediated)
  • Phagosoms fuse with lysosomes = phagolysosome
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38
Q

3 secretory pathways

A

Exocytosis
Porocytosis
Exosomes

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39
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretion of cellular products
Constitutive and Regulated
Requires Ca and ATP

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40
Q

Porocytosis

A

quantal release of NTs

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41
Q

Exosomes

A

Release of membrane bound vesicles into ECM

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42
Q

Polyribosome (polysome)

A

mRNA + ribosomes

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43
Q

Unfolded Protein Responses

A
  • Increased chaperone synthesis
  • Decreased protein synthesis
  • Misfolded proteins sent for proteolysis
  • Activation of caspases
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44
Q

Functions of sER

A
  • Cholesterol homeostasis vis HMG-CoA reductase
  • Steroid synthesis
  • Synthesis of phospholipids
  • Glycogenolysis (von Gierke = defect in G-6-P dehydrogenase which is found in sER, glycogen accumulates)
  • Drug detox
  • Synthesis of phospholipids
  • Storage, release, uptake of Ca in muscle (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
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45
Q

Atlastin

A

Involved in ER maintenance
Too much = ER membrane fusion
Too little + Fragmented ER
Deficieny = hereditary spastic paraplegia

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46
Q

Proteasome

A

ATP- dependent
Proteolysis of: Regulating proteins, damaged proteins, antigenic proteins
Ubiquitin dependent and independent
Abnormal prions inhibit proteosomes
Bortezomib partially inhibits proteosomes (used for multiple myeloma, decreases degredation of pro-apoptotic factors

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47
Q

Negative Golgi image

A

Neither acidophilic or basophilic so it appears translucent with H and E stain

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48
Q

Cis face of golgi (aka convex or forming face)

A

Same side as ER

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49
Q

Trans face of golgi (aka concave or maturing face)

A

secretory/(cytoplasmic at times) face

  • secretory granules
  • lysosomes
  • membrane protein trasporting vesicles
50
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

Defective copper pump

  • Decreased serum ceruloplasmin (copper carrying protein)
  • can’t secrete copper via biliary system
  • Kayser-Fleicher rings
51
Q

Dysferlin

A

Reseals microperforations in muscle cells
Defective in certain muscular dystrophies
-Miyoshi myopathy
-Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2b
-Distal myopathy tibialis anterior muscle onset

52
Q

Proinsulinemia

A

Proinsulin missorted into unregulated pathway, prohormone that converts it to active insulin still in regulated pathway. Never meet up = insulin deficiency

53
Q

Synthesis of Phospholipids

A

Occurs in cytosolic lipid monolayer of sER and rER

Phospholipid translocators flip-flop P-lipids from one monolayer to another

54
Q

Four classic endosomal compartment

A

early endosome
recycling endosome
multivesicular bodies
late endosome

All have H+-ATPase pumps that acidify

55
Q

Early and Recycling Endosome

A

Cells periphery
pH 6.2-6.6
Recycling endosomes and glucose transport in response to insulin

56
Q

Multivesicular Bodies

A 
Located b/w early and late endosomes
pH 5.0-6.2
Migrate alone microtubules
Eventually fuse w/ late endosome
Also have secretory role
57
Q

Late Endosomes

A

Near golgi and nucleus
pH 5.0
Fuse with or mature into lysosomes

Late endosomes aka prelysosomes

58
Q

4 fates of endocytosis

A
  • Receptor recycled and ligand degraded (LDLR)
  • Receptor and ligand recycled (Fe and its receptor)
  • Receptor and ligand degraded (FGFR3, not degraded hence overactive)
  • Receptor and ligand transported to other side of cell and secreted (transcytosis)
59
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Transport lysosomal hydrolases and other chemicals
  • Able to digest most biological molecules
  • Abundant in phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages)
  • Acidophilic
60
Q

Autophagolysosome

A

A secondary lysosome

primary lysosome + autophagosome

  • Macroauthophagy
  • Microautophagy
  • Chaperon-mediated direct trasnport

Degradation of self

61
Q

Heterophagolysosome

A

A secondary lysosome

primary lysosome + heterphagosome

Degradation of outside things

62
Q

Primary vs Secondary lysosomes

A

1- nothing being degraded

2- Degredation occuring (or residual body, can’t distinguish via plain EM)

63
Q

Pompe disease

A

Glycogen storage disorder
a-1,4-Glucosidase deficiency
Glycogen accumulates

64
Q

Tay-Sach’s Disease

A

Sphingolipidosis
Hexosaminidase-a subunit deficiency
Lysosomes filled with sphingolipids (swirl/whorl at EM level)

65
Q

COPII

A

Anterograde

66
Q

COPI

A

Regrograde

67
Q

SNARE proteins

A 
t-SNARE = target snare
v-SNARE = vesicular snare
68
Q

Botulinium toxin

A

Proteolysis of SNARE proteins in neurotransmitters
Can’t dock and release NTs
Muscle paralysis

69
Q

Tetanus toxins

A

Enter INHIBITORY neurons and proteolyze SNARES

Takes brakes off motor neurons (hence the lock jaw)

70
Q

Mitochondria

A 
Acidophilic 
Pleomorphic (vary in shape and size)
Basal region in ion transporting cells
Apical region of ciliated cells
Short life span, 10 days, replicate via fission
71
Q

Mitochondrial Cristae

A

Shelf like in some hepatocytes, cardiac and skeletal muscle

Tubular in steroid-secreting cells (mitochondria participate in steroid synthesis)

72
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A 
Enzymes for Kreb's cycle
Enzymes for fatty acid B-oxidation
Matrix Granules
-phopholipoprotein and Ca and Mg ions
-Chelates divalent and trivalent ions in some cells
73
Q

Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)

A

Myoclonus, seizures, ataxia
Ragged red appearance imparted by trichrome stain
Mitochondrial inheritance
Also have parking lot inclusions and cristal disruptions

74
Q

Peroxisomal Enzymes

A
  • Amino acid oxidases and hydroxyacid oxidase form H2O2
  • Catalase
  • Ezymes for B-Oxid. of FAs
  • Oxidation of ethanol and other toxins
  • Plasmalogen synthesis
75
Q

Zellweger syndrome

A

Defective import protein on peroxisome membrane

76
Q

effect of antilipidemics on peroxisomes

A

e.g. Lipitor

Lead to increase uptake of triglycerides and chol. by hepatic cells. Ramps up B-oxidatoin, number of peroxisomes increases

77
Q

4 cytoskeletal components

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Thick filaments
Intermediate Filaments

78
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubules (24nm in dia)
Comprised of 13 longitudinally arranged protofilaments
Protofiliaments comprised of tubulin dimers
Polymerize from a ring of y-tubulin (requires Mg and GTP)

Functions:
Support cell shape and organelles
Cell division
Cilia and flagella
Long range vesicular transport
79
Q

Kinesin

A

Microtubule motor protein

toward PERIPHERY

80
Q

Dynein

A

Microtubule motor protein

toward NUCLEUS

81
Q

Colchicine, vinblastine, vincristine

A

Microtubule Polymerization inhibitors

82
Q

Taxol

A

Microtubule DEpolymerization inhibitor

antimitotic agent

83
Q

Microtubule Associated proteins

A

MAPs

Stabilize microtubules

84
Q

Microfilaments

A 
6-8nm in diameter
subunits of actin
Functions:
-structural support
-Core of microvilli and stereocilia
-Movement (muscle contractions, cell migration, short range movement of organelles)
-Cytokinesis
-Filipodia and lamellipodia
85
Q

Thick Filaments

A

12-16m in diameter

Made of myosin

86
Q

Cytochalasin B

A

Prevents polymerization of actin

87
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

10nm in diameter
Function = structural support
Chemically diverse and stable - are used to classify neoplastic cells

88
Q

Chemical classes of intermediate filaments

A 
Cytokeratins - Epithelial Cells
Desmin - Muscle
Vimentin - mesodermal
Neurofilament protein - neurons
Nuclear lamins - nuclei
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins (GFAP) - astrocytes
89
Q

Mallory Bodies

A

Aggregation of cytokeratins in liver secondary to injury

90
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex

A

Mutations in keratin 5 or 14 gene prevents keratin from assembling into strong networks
Epidermis of skin fragile and easily damaged

91
Q

Microtubule Organizing Center

A 
Centrosome
Contains 2 centrioles:
-perpendicular to each other
-9x3 microtubules
-centrioles->procentrioles->basal bodies that associate with cilia and flagella
92
Q

Nuclear Bodies

A

Nucleolus
Cajal Bodies
GEMs (Gemini of Cajal bodies)
Interchromatin granule clusters (Speckles)
Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies
PIKA (polymorphic interphase karyosomal association)

93
Q

Cajal Bodies

A

Modify and assemble necessary molecular machinery to splice newly transcribed pre mRNA into mRNA.

Include: snRNA, snoRNA, snRNPs

94
Q

Gemini of Cajol bodies (GEMs)

A

Resemble cajal bodies. Same function (splicing machinery modification and assembly)

95
Q

Interchromatin Granular Clusters (speckles)

A

storage deposits of snRNAs and proteins

96
Q

Promyeloytic leukemia (PML) bodies

A

Modify and assemble proteins involved with DNA repair and apoptosis. p53 protein. May also function in repressing transcription and may protect against certain viruses

Named PML b/c discovered in patients with promyelocytic leukemia. Caused by chromosomal translocations withing the PML genes.

97
Q

PIKA (polymorphic interphase karyosomal association)

A

Proposed to be involved in promoting transcription of snRNA

98
Q

The components of nucleolus

A

Nucleolar-Organizer DNA
Pars fibrosa
Pars Granulosa

99
Q

Nucleolar-organizer DNA

A

Contains sequences coding for rRNA

100
Q

Pars fibrosa

A

Newly made rRNA just starting to complex with protein

101
Q

Pars granulosa

A

Maturing subunits of ribosome

102
Q

Nuecleostemin

A

p53 binding protein found in undifferentiated cells. Levels decrease as differentiation occurs. Levels high in some unchecked proliferation (cancer)

103
Q

Interphase

A 
Most variable in length
Cyclin D/CDK4&6
G1 DNA damage checkpoint
Centrioles begin replicating
Restriction point (point of no return)
104
Q

Synthesis

A

DNA copied
Centriole replication continues
Tubulin for microtubules begins being synthesized
Cyclin E/CDK2

105
Q

G2

A

Accumulate ATP
Tubulin synthesis
centriole replication finishes
Cyclin A/CDK2

106
Q

G0

A

Nondividing cells eg striated muscle, neurons

107
Q

Mitosis

A

Cyclin A&B/CDK1

  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
108
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatids condense
Centromeres/kinetochores
Centriolar pairs migrate to opposite poles

109
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope begins to disappear
Nucleoli disappeared
Organization in regards to metaphase ongoing

110
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromatids at equator

111
Q

Colchicine

A

Will arrest cell at metaphase

112
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids separate

Cohesin complex degraded by anaphase promoting complex

113
Q

Telophase

A

Checkpoints (spindle assembly, chromosome segregation)

114
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasmic division
actin and myosin involved
Cleavage furrow

115
Q

Telomerase

A

Found in germinal and stem cells. Not so much in somatic.

Upkeep of telomere length

116
Q

Phosphatidylserine on extracellular monolayer

A

Marks cell as dead

117
Q

Fas ligan and receptor

A

Extrinsic apoptotic pathway (also TNF)

Activate caspase 8

118
Q

Caspase 9

A

Activated in intrinsic apoptotic pathway

Cell injury->cyt. C release from mit.->Apaf-1 complex activates caspase 9

119
Q

FasL couterattack

A

Cancerous cells will trigger the Fas receptor of immune cells (T cells) and they will auto destruct

120
Q

Estrogen role in osteoporosis

A

Anti-apoptotic effect on osteoblasts
Normally inactivates Bad (pro-apoptotic molecule) through phosphorylation
Decrease in Est during menopause leads to more active Bad = more apoptotis of osteoblasts (bone forming cells)

Cell/Tissue Biology (4 decks)

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