Exam 1 (Tissue Processing - Cell VII) Flashcards

Question

Cellular Inclusions

Answer 1

Foods Pigment Crystalline

Answer 2

Gylcogen | Lipids

Answer 3

``` Carotene Inhaled Carbon (anthracosis = benign accumulation of carbon in lungs and surrounding lymph nodes ```

Answer 4

Hemoglobin Hemosiderin (iron...hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis. Also seen in sputum of those with heart failure) Bilirubin Melanin (Eumelanin, neuromelanin, phaeomelanin) Lipofuscin (stress and/or lognevity

Answer 5

Crystal of Reinke (cells of Leydig) | Inclusion of Charcot-Bottcher (cells of Sertoli)

Answer 6

3 Na out 2 K in at expense of ATP

Answer 7

- Partially inhibits Na/K pump = more cellular Na. - Increased Na slows the Na/Ca pump which pumps Na in and Ca out = more cellular Ca - More cellular Ca = increased contractility

Answer 8

``` MDR-1 = Transports drugs (liver, BBB, kidney...) MDR-2 = Transports direct bilirubin (defective in Dubin-Johnson syndrome) MDR-3 = Flips phosphatidylcholine to outer membrane to be excreted into bile ```

Answer 9

Exclusively on extracellular monolayer

Answer 10

``` Macropinocytosis Clathrin-Mediated Non-coated-mediated Caveolae mediated Phagocytosis ```

Answer 11

Actin Based non-specific -thyroid cells uptake of thryoglobulin, dendritic cells for immune surveillance

Answer 12

- Dynamin required (GTPase) - Can be receptor mediated - Adaptin on intracellular portion of receptor - Come uncoated quickly after uptake

Answer 13

"Cell eating" - Actin dependent - Generally receptor mediated (zipper mediated) - Phagosoms fuse with lysosomes = phagolysosome

Answer 14

Exocytosis Porocytosis Exosomes

Answer 15

Secretion of cellular products Constitutive and Regulated Requires Ca and ATP

Answer 16

quantal release of NTs

Answer 17

Release of membrane bound vesicles into ECM

Answer 18

mRNA + ribosomes

Answer 19

- Increased chaperone synthesis - Decreased protein synthesis - Misfolded proteins sent for proteolysis - Activation of caspases

Answer 20

- Cholesterol homeostasis vis HMG-CoA reductase - Steroid synthesis - Synthesis of phospholipids - Glycogenolysis (von Gierke = defect in G-6-P dehydrogenase which is found in sER, glycogen accumulates) - Drug detox - Synthesis of phospholipids - Storage, release, uptake of Ca in muscle (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

Answer 21

Involved in ER maintenance Too much = ER membrane fusion Too little + Fragmented ER Deficieny = hereditary spastic paraplegia

Answer 22

ATP- dependent Proteolysis of: Regulating proteins, damaged proteins, antigenic proteins Ubiquitin dependent and independent Abnormal prions inhibit proteosomes Bortezomib partially inhibits proteosomes (used for multiple myeloma, decreases degredation of pro-apoptotic factors

Answer 23

Neither acidophilic or basophilic so it appears translucent with H and E stain

Answer 24

Same side as ER

Answer 25

secretory/(cytoplasmic at times) face - secretory granules - lysosomes - membrane protein trasporting vesicles

Answer 26

Defective copper pump - Decreased serum ceruloplasmin (copper carrying protein) - can't secrete copper via biliary system - Kayser-Fleicher rings

Answer 27

Reseals microperforations in muscle cells Defective in certain muscular dystrophies -Miyoshi myopathy -Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2b -Distal myopathy tibialis anterior muscle onset

Answer 28

Proinsulin missorted into unregulated pathway, prohormone that converts it to active insulin still in regulated pathway. Never meet up = insulin deficiency

Answer 29

Occurs in cytosolic lipid monolayer of sER and rER Phospholipid translocators flip-flop P-lipids from one monolayer to another

Answer 30

early endosome recycling endosome multivesicular bodies late endosome All have H+-ATPase pumps that acidify

Answer 31

Cells periphery pH 6.2-6.6 Recycling endosomes and glucose transport in response to insulin

Answer 32

``` Located b/w early and late endosomes pH 5.0-6.2 Migrate alone microtubules Eventually fuse w/ late endosome Also have secretory role ```

Answer 33

Near golgi and nucleus pH 5.0 Fuse with or mature into lysosomes Late endosomes aka prelysosomes

Answer 34

- Receptor recycled and ligand degraded (LDLR) - Receptor and ligand recycled (Fe and its receptor) - Receptor and ligand degraded (FGFR3, not degraded hence overactive) - Receptor and ligand transported to other side of cell and secreted (transcytosis)

Answer 35

- Transport lysosomal hydrolases and other chemicals - Able to digest most biological molecules - Abundant in phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages) - Acidophilic

Answer 36

A secondary lysosome primary lysosome + autophagosome - Macroauthophagy - Microautophagy - Chaperon-mediated direct trasnport Degradation of self

Answer 37

A secondary lysosome primary lysosome + heterphagosome Degradation of outside things

Answer 38

1- nothing being degraded | 2- Degredation occuring (or residual body, can't distinguish via plain EM)

Answer 39

Glycogen storage disorder a-1,4-Glucosidase deficiency Glycogen accumulates

Answer 40

Sphingolipidosis Hexosaminidase-a subunit deficiency Lysosomes filled with sphingolipids (swirl/whorl at EM level)

Answer 41

Anterograde

Answer 42

Regrograde

Answer 43

``` t-SNARE = target snare v-SNARE = vesicular snare ```

Answer 44

Proteolysis of SNARE proteins in neurotransmitters Can't dock and release NTs Muscle paralysis

Answer 45

Enter INHIBITORY neurons and proteolyze SNARES | Takes brakes off motor neurons (hence the lock jaw)

Answer 46

``` Acidophilic Pleomorphic (vary in shape and size) Basal region in ion transporting cells Apical region of ciliated cells Short life span, 10 days, replicate via fission ```

Answer 47

Shelf like in some hepatocytes, cardiac and skeletal muscle Tubular in steroid-secreting cells (mitochondria participate in steroid synthesis)

Answer 48

``` Enzymes for Kreb's cycle Enzymes for fatty acid B-oxidation Matrix Granules -phopholipoprotein and Ca and Mg ions -Chelates divalent and trivalent ions in some cells ```

Answer 49

Myoclonus, seizures, ataxia Ragged red appearance imparted by trichrome stain Mitochondrial inheritance Also have parking lot inclusions and cristal disruptions

Answer 50

- Amino acid oxidases and hydroxyacid oxidase form H2O2 - Catalase - Ezymes for B-Oxid. of FAs - Oxidation of ethanol and other toxins - Plasmalogen synthesis

Answer 51

Defective import protein on peroxisome membrane

Answer 52

e.g. Lipitor Lead to increase uptake of triglycerides and chol. by hepatic cells. Ramps up B-oxidatoin, number of peroxisomes increases

Answer 53

Microtubules Microfilaments Thick filaments Intermediate Filaments

Answer 54

Hollow tubules (24nm in dia) Comprised of 13 longitudinally arranged protofilaments Protofiliaments comprised of tubulin dimers Polymerize from a ring of y-tubulin (requires Mg and GTP) ``` Functions: Support cell shape and organelles Cell division Cilia and flagella Long range vesicular transport ```

Answer 55

Microtubule motor protein | toward PERIPHERY

Answer 56

Microtubule motor protein | toward NUCLEUS

Answer 57

Microtubule Polymerization inhibitors

Answer 58

Microtubule DEpolymerization inhibitor | antimitotic agent

Answer 59

MAPs Stabilize microtubules

Answer 60

``` 6-8nm in diameter subunits of actin Functions: -structural support -Core of microvilli and stereocilia -Movement (muscle contractions, cell migration, short range movement of organelles) -Cytokinesis -Filipodia and lamellipodia ```

Answer 61

12-16m in diameter | Made of myosin

Answer 62

Prevents polymerization of actin

Answer 63

10nm in diameter Function = structural support Chemically diverse and stable - are used to classify neoplastic cells

Answer 64

``` Cytokeratins - Epithelial Cells Desmin - Muscle Vimentin - mesodermal Neurofilament protein - neurons Nuclear lamins - nuclei Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins (GFAP) - astrocytes ```

Answer 65

Aggregation of cytokeratins in liver secondary to injury

Answer 66

Mutations in keratin 5 or 14 gene prevents keratin from assembling into strong networks Epidermis of skin fragile and easily damaged

Answer 67

``` Centrosome Contains 2 centrioles: -perpendicular to each other -9x3 microtubules -centrioles->procentrioles->basal bodies that associate with cilia and flagella ```

Answer 68

Nucleolus Cajal Bodies GEMs (Gemini of Cajal bodies) Interchromatin granule clusters (Speckles) Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies PIKA (polymorphic interphase karyosomal association)

Answer 69

Modify and assemble necessary molecular machinery to splice newly transcribed pre mRNA into mRNA. Include: snRNA, snoRNA, snRNPs

Answer 70

Resemble cajal bodies. Same function (splicing machinery modification and assembly)

Answer 71

storage deposits of snRNAs and proteins

Answer 72

Modify and assemble proteins involved with DNA repair and apoptosis. p53 protein. May also function in repressing transcription and may protect against certain viruses Named PML b/c discovered in patients with promyelocytic leukemia. Caused by chromosomal translocations withing the PML genes.

Answer 73

Proposed to be involved in promoting transcription of snRNA

Answer 74

Nucleolar-Organizer DNA Pars fibrosa Pars Granulosa

Answer 75

Contains sequences coding for rRNA

Answer 76

Newly made rRNA just starting to complex with protein

Answer 77

Maturing subunits of ribosome

Answer 78

p53 binding protein found in undifferentiated cells. Levels decrease as differentiation occurs. Levels high in some unchecked proliferation (cancer)

Answer 79

``` Most variable in length Cyclin D/CDK4&6 G1 DNA damage checkpoint Centrioles begin replicating Restriction point (point of no return) ```

Answer 80

DNA copied Centriole replication continues Tubulin for microtubules begins being synthesized Cyclin E/CDK2

Answer 81

Accumulate ATP Tubulin synthesis centriole replication finishes Cyclin A/CDK2

Answer 82

Nondividing cells eg striated muscle, neurons

Answer 83

Cyclin A&B/CDK1 - Prophase - Prometaphase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase - Cytokinesis

Answer 84

Chromatids condense Centromeres/kinetochores Centriolar pairs migrate to opposite poles

Answer 85

Nuclear envelope begins to disappear Nucleoli disappeared Organization in regards to metaphase ongoing

Answer 86

Chromatids at equator

Answer 87

Will arrest cell at metaphase

Answer 88

Chromatids separate | Cohesin complex degraded by anaphase promoting complex

Answer 89

Checkpoints (spindle assembly, chromosome segregation)

Answer 90

Cytoplasmic division actin and myosin involved Cleavage furrow

Answer 91

Found in germinal and stem cells. Not so much in somatic. Upkeep of telomere length

Answer 92

Marks cell as dead

Answer 93

Extrinsic apoptotic pathway (also TNF) | Activate caspase 8

Answer 94

Activated in intrinsic apoptotic pathway | Cell injury->cyt. C release from mit.->Apaf-1 complex activates caspase 9

Answer 95

Cancerous cells will trigger the Fas receptor of immune cells (T cells) and they will auto destruct

Answer 96

Anti-apoptotic effect on osteoblasts Normally inactivates Bad (pro-apoptotic molecule) through phosphorylation Decrease in Est during menopause leads to more active Bad = more apoptotis of osteoblasts (bone forming cells)