Exam III

Question 1

What is Piagets concrete operational stage?

Answer 1

logical thought

Question 2

what are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 2

sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-12), formal operational (12+)

Question 3

Erikson’s psychosocial stages: play age 3-6 years

Answer 3

initiative vs. guilt- children try to take initiative on some activities, but then can feel guilty if they overstep boundaries. Important to ensure mistakes are a part of learning

Question 4

Erikson’s psychosocial stages: school age 7-11 years

Answer 4

industry vs inferiority- develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not encouragement is key!

Question 5

Erikson’s psychosocial stages: adolescence 12-18 years old

Answer 5

identity vs. confusion- experiment with and develop identity and roles

Question 6

Erikson’s psychosocial stages: early adulthood, 19-29 years

Answer 6

intimacy vs. isolation- establish intimacy and relationships with others

Question 7

In middle childhood (7-12 years), what becomes most important?

Answer 7

social status- popular, rejected, neglected, and controversial (liked by some, disliked by others, could be aggressive)

Question 8

when do fine motor skills improve most?

Answer 8

it becomes apparent around 3-4 and then 4-6 years old and continues to develop throughout early childhood

Question 9

advances in what areas in information processing during middle childhood?

Answer 9

Myelination of the corpus callosum speeds up the
processing of information.
In particular- attention, memory, and executive functioning

Question 10

what is the Flynn effect?

Answer 10

Environmental influences stronger for poor children
* Median IQ scores rose in the twentieth century –
Flynn effect

Question 11

Gardner’s multiple intelligences (differentiated instruction!)

Answer 11

linguistic, musical, logical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Question 12

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence (types of intelligence)

Answer 12

Analytical intelligence – what most IQ tests measure
Creative intelligence – combine information in new ways
Practical intelligence – apply information to everyday
problems

Question 13

describe language development in middle childhood

Answer 13

greater vocab, grammar becomes more complex, pragmatics (understanding humor), whole language (overall meaning of words), phonics

Question 14

why does sibling rivalries peak in middle childhood?

Answer 14

argue over possessions

Question 15

describe making friends in middle childhood

Answer 15

selective association (statuses), trust becomes important

Question 16

Piaget’s formal operation stage:

Answer 16

being able to read to learn, lots of development in our thinking ages 12+

Question 17

describe the hormonal changes in puberty (adolescence)

Answer 17

hormonal changes associated with percentage of body fat
Estrogen – estradiol production 8 times higher in females
Androgens – testosterone 20 times higher in males

Question 18

Cultural differences (Kenya for example) in showing puberty

Answer 18

there is more variability (growth may counter others), girls begin about 2 years earlier than boys- which can vary

Question 19

primary sex characteristics- related to reproduction- in puberty (menarche and spermarche)

Answer 19

Girls experience menarche (first menstrual period)
Boys experience spermarche (first ejaculation

Question 20

secondary sex characteristics in puberty

Answer 20

other bodily changes due to hormonal increases

Question 21

puberty rituals

Answer 21

Girls: usually related to menarche
* Boys: may be required to show feats of courage,
strength, or pain endurance
* Circumcision

Question 22

eating disorders

Answer 22

Bulimia and Anorexia

Question 23

cultural variations in adolescent sexuality

Answer 23

In the West most adolescents
have a romantic partner at
some point in their teens

Question 24

emerging adulthood ages:

Answer 24

19-29

Question 25

what is resilience in terms of emerging adulthood?

Answer 25

this time is critical for learning resilience. Surrounding yourself with higher intelligence, mentor adult, healthy school environment, developing religious beliefs (helps people overcome risks)

Question 26

Two factors contributing to why young drivers have a greater incidence of accidents and deaths

Answer 26

inexperience, risky driving behavior is more likely, personality characteristics

Question 27

Substance abuse and unstructured socialization

Answer 27

Possibly explained by unstructured socializing * Multiple negative consequences * Relationship to deviance

Question 28

Tertiary education

Answer 28

increasing rates of enrollment in college, highlighted right after high school graduation

Question 29

Bicultural identity

Answer 29

Globalization impacts development of bicultural identity, some cultures are not able to explore their identity

Question 30

Relationship with parents in emerging adulthood

Answer 30

mutual support and an understanding of parenthood

Question 31

friends in emerging adulthood

Answer 31

intimacy grows in importance, more self-disclosure and fewer shared activities

Question 32

self-esteem, what does that mean in terms of emerging adulthood?

Answer 32

less judgement of appearances, better control on one's life, relationships improve

Question 33

Murnane and Levy’s research on skills necessary for success at work

Answer 33

Reading at ninth-grade level or higher * Doing math at a ninth-grade level or higher * Solving semistructured problems * Communicating orally and in writing * Using a computer for word processing and other tasks * Collaborating in diverse groups

Question 34

Short answer: Developmental features distinctive to emerging adulthood

Answer 34

identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, possibilities/optimism