Exam II

Question 1

myelination

Answer 1

happens on neurons to send more signals, it is like insulation over the transportation part of the neuron. Happens during infancy

Question 2

Cephalocaudal, proximodistal

Answer 2

growth and development patterns in humans.
- growth starting from the head and brain during infancy, then spreading out through the body
- wave of development from the center of our bodies, out. arms first then fingers (gross motor then fine motor)

Question 3

signs of teething

Answer 3

drooling, crying, putting everything in their mouth

Question 4

SIDS

Answer 4

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (occurs more in developing countries)

Question 5

When to introduce solid foods

Answer 5

about 6 months of age

Question 6

Marasmus

Answer 6

shows more in children in developing countries who go through malnutrition or starvation

Question 7

Kwashiorkor

Answer 7

lack of protein in a childrens diet. Developing countries

Question 8

Pincer grasp

Answer 8

thumb and pointer finger used to grab things

Question 9

object permanence

Answer 9

seeing an object, and knowing that it is still there even if something is covering it

Question 10

baley scales

Answer 10

assesses development of infants

Question 11

habituation

Answer 11

becoming accustomed to an activity or stimulus

Question 12

cooing, babbling, telegraphic speech

Answer 12

language development

Question 13

infant-directed speech

Answer 13

(IDS) baby talk, higher pitched exaggerated voices

Question 14

Thomas and Chess’s theory of temperament

Answer 14

nine dimensions of temperament, including activity level, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, intensity, mood, attention span, distractibility, persistence, and sensory threshold.

Question 15

social referencing

Answer 15

looking to an adult to display emotional or behavioral to cue themself

Question 16

Erikson’s 2nd and 3rd stage of psychosocial development

Answer 16

trust vs mistrust (parents and family)
autonomy vs. shame and doubt (potty training, play, exploration)

Question 17

What is happening in the toddler brain?

Answer 17

0-10 Months: Rapid growth, essential structures, and systems.
10 Months-2 Years: Continued growth, new neurons, and synapses.
2-6 Years: Foundations for learning and development.

Question 18

When does a child show hand preference?

Answer 18

2-4 years old

Question 19

scaffolding

Answer 19

method where teachers provide temporary support to students as they learn and develop new concepts or skills.

Question 20

deferred imitation

Answer 20

modeled action or series of actions that are reproduced after a certain delayof minutes, hours, or days after viewing the behavior

Question 21

overextension, underextension

Answer 21

Overextension involves applying a word too broadly, while underextension restricts a word’s application to a narrower context.

Question 22

attachment theory

Answer 22

that a child is born with programming that helps them to form an attachment to others.

Question 23

sociomoral or secondary emotions

Answer 23

Secondary emotions are emotions that require social and cultural learning, such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt. Secondary emotions are also called sociomoral emotions, because infants are not born knowing what is embarrassing or shameful but have to learn this from their social environment

Question 24

self-recognition, self-reflection,

Answer 24

ability to witness and evaluate one’s own cognitive, emotional, and behavioural processes.

Question 25

Ainsworth attachment theory

Answer 25

Attachment theory, developed by Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby, focuses on the emotional bonds between people and their caregivers. Ainsworth elaborated on Bowlby's research and developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe a child's attachment to a caregiver. The theory suggests that early attachments can have a lasting impact on our lives, influencing how we form and maintain relationships in adulthood

Question 26

Father's role in developed countries

Answer 26

educational and play development

Question 27

Types of play

Answer 27

Solitary play: independent play without involvement from others. Parallel play: play alongside or in the vicinity of other children, but without active interaction or cooperation. Cooperative play: play which directly involves cooperation with others.

Question 28

children 3-6 tend to grow how many inches and gain how many pounds?

Answer 28

grow about 3 inches in height each year and gain about 4 to 5 pounds each year

Question 29

causes of death in children

Answer 29

issues caused by growing up in developing countries, malnutrition, birth defects,

Question 30

handedness

Answer 30

preferential use of a hand

Question 31

social referencing

Answer 31

Social referencing is a psychological process where infants look to adult emotional and affective displays to regulate or cue their behavior toward environmental objects, people, and situations

Question 32

conservation

Answer 32

a learned tendency in cultures on how to dress or how to conserve oneself

Question 33

egocentrism

Answer 33

Egocentrism is a cognitive bias that refers to someone's inability to understand that another person's view or opinion may be different than their own

Question 34

animism

Answer 34

children will tend to imagine inanimate objects have feelings or emotions like humans (imaginative play, the side walk hurt me)

Question 35

Japanese preschools encourage what?

Answer 35

emotional and social development. encouraging exploration, experimentation and problem solving

Question 36

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development

Answer 36

zone of proximal development/scaffolding/guided participation

Question 37

Diana Baumrind's parenting styles

Answer 37

authoritarian, authoritative and permissive.