Exam III Flashcards
chapter 6 & 7
What are Macro Algae?
Large Protist Seaweed (macroscopic)
What are true plants?
Kingdom Protista
What is seaweed?
Protist Macro algae
What are the three Major Phyla?
Green, Brown and Red algae
What is the general anatomy of Seaweed?
Thallus (plant look)
Holdfast (roots)
Stipe (stem)
Blade (leaf)
Pnematocyst (bead, bump)
What habitat do most seaweed live in?
The Benthic Zone
What are the major Algal groups classified by types of photosynthetic pigments for metabolism?
Chlorophyll.
Carotenoids.
Phycobilins.
Flavonoids.
What is the best spectrum for Chlorophyll-a?
Blue
What are Carotenoids?
An accessory pigment and photoprotector (absorbs excess light that would damage chlorophyll, kind of like sunblock)
What is Green Algae?
over 7000 species
Lives in marine & seawater
unicellular, colonial, macroalgae
Chlorophyll-a & b, Carotenoids
Ancestors to Kingdom Plantae
What is Brown Algae?
about 2000 Species
(mostly) marine
all Macroalgae
mostly kelps
Chlorophyll-a & c, Fucoxanthin
known for kelp forests
What is Red Algae?
over 7000 species
mostly marine
Chlorophyll a, Phycobilin
known for Seaweed farming
What are the attributes of Seagrasses?
Benthic Plantae
over 60 species
fully marine
water pollination
water seed dispersal
tiny flowers
not a grass (more related to water lilies)
shallow water, clean sand
they form submerged beds/meadows
tasty for some animals
What is the value of Algae?
sediment binding
provides structure and a habitat
they make oxygen
What is Coastal Plantae?
over 100 species
Land plant on the coast (not fully submerged)
halophytes
mostly soft sediments
mostly temperate & subpolar areas
What is an invertebrate?
an animal without a backbone
95 % of all known animal species
sponges, mollusks, jellies, anthropods, worms, echinoderms, 30+ phyla, over 1 million species
Kingdom Animalia (metazoan) key features
Eukaryotic Cell type
Ingestive Heterotrophy
(true) multicellular
(mostly) need oxygen for metabolism
unique muscle & nervous tissues
Animal Nutrition
(bulk) chemo-hetero-trophy
particle feeders filter either water or sediments
carnivores, scavengers, decomposers and particle feeders
What are sponges?
Parazoa
Porifera
lack body structure
no true tissues or organs
Marine
sessile (non-mobile)
ancestral protist Eumetazoa
filter feeders
the skeleton is made of spicules & spongin
sponges basic terms
oral (top/back “mouth side” (radial)
Aboral (opposite the mouth side) (radial)
dorsal (top/back) “topside” (bilateral)
ventral (bottom/belly) “underside” (bilateral)
anterior (head/front) (bilateral)
posterior (tail/back) (bilateral)
Cephalization (dev. of “head”) (bilateral)
amoeba-cytes (multipurpose)
Porocytes (water intake)
pinacocytes (outer skin)
Choano-cytes (feeding)
What is the reproductivity of sponges?
Most sponges are bisexual/hermaphrodites & broadcast spawners
eggs fertilized internally
larval sponge released into water
What is Eumetazoa?
This subkingdom includes animals with true tissues andis divided into radially symmetrical animals and bilaterally symmetrical animals.
What is Phylum Cnidaria?
This phylum includes jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydras. Cnidarians are radially or biradial symmetrical and have two or three body layers. They have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening that serves as both the mouth and anus.
What are the Cnidarian groups?
Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa
What are Hydrozoans?
Hybrids
Polyp dominant (medusa small)
mostly colonial
benthic & planktonic
What are Scyphozoans?
Sea Jellies
medusa dominant (polyp tonic)
mostly planktonic
What are Cubozoans?
Box jellies, sea wasps
medusa dominant (polyps tiny)
planktonic
What are Anthozoans?
Amemones, Gorgonians, and corals
polyp stage only
solitary & colonial
benthic
polyp partitioned by septa for improved structural support and digestion
What are Siphonophones?
colonial, planktonic hydroids
(the biggest one is known as the Portuguese Man o war)
What are the local scyphozoans?
moon jellies, sea nettle, pink meanie, cannonball jellie, upside down jelly
What are Amenomes?
soft bodied
polyps mostly solitary
polyps large
What are the local Anemones?
Giant amenome
corkscrew amenome
Branching amenome
What are gorgonians?
Horny corals
polyp colonial
polyp small, pinnate, 8 branched
colonies complex, branching
calcified body spicules
black gorgonian endoskeleton
What are the types of gorgonians?
Sea fans
Sea rods/whips
Sea plums
What is Phylum Mollusca?
gastropods, birles, chitons, cephalopods(shellfish)
marine, freshwater, terrestrial
bilateral symmetry
some contorted or twisted
most have outer shells, mantle, muscular foot, radula
What are stony corals?
polyps solitary & colonial
polyps inside hard coralite
may form reefs
What are Chitons?
marine/saltwater only
flat body: large foot
8 dorsal shell plates
mostly shallow hard bottom
mostly epibenthic grazers
What is the phylum Ctenophora?
comb jellies
marine, planktonic
radial symmetry
ciliary “combs” (ctenes)
What are Gastropods?
means belly foot
snails, slugs, nudibranches
marine, freshwater, terrestial
body usually coiled internally
large foot
1 shell or no shell
grazers or carnivores
What are local marine snails?
Nerites, moons, conchs, cones, olives
What are Snails & Slugs?
marine, freshwater, terrestial
1 shell (snails)
no shell (slugs)
What is Nudibranchs?
“Sea slugs”
marine
no shell
external appendages
What are Bivalves?
means two valves
no head or radula
clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
marine and freshwater
2 shells
large foot
suspension and deposit feeders
What are nautilus?
lots of tentacles
60-90 cirriarms
single chambered shell
What is Cephalopod?
squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus
marine: nektonic
foot modified into tentacles
1 or no shell
large brain
ink sack
venomous beak
predators
What are Enchinoids?
Sea Urchins
fully enclosed “test” (shell)
heavily spined
herbivores & deposit feeders
“regular” spherical urchins
epibenthic
What are Asteroids?
sea stars
5+ arms, possible suckers
herbivores, carnivores, deposit feeders
What are Ophriuroids?
brittle stars
5 thin, flexible arms (no suckers)
scavengers & detritivores (deposit feeders)
What are crinoids?
Feather stars
5+ sticky feeding arms
walking (aboral) Cikri
suspension feeders
What are Ascidians?
tunicates, sea squirts
benthic: resemble sponges
Solitary Tunicates (simple)
Colonial Tunicates = shared base (compound)
shared common & excurrent siphons
What are Subphylum Tunicata?
tunicates, salps, pyrosomes
-active suspension feeders
pumping siphons
phangill basket
protective cellulose tunic
What are Holothuroids (sea cucumbers)?
soft-bodied, worm-shaped
deposit feeders
What are thaliaceans?
salps, pyrosomes
planktonic
