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Marine Biology > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

chapter 6 & 7

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1
Q

What are Macro Algae?

A

Large Protist Seaweed (macroscopic)

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2
Q

What are true plants?

A

Kingdom Protista

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3
Q

What is seaweed?

A

Protist Macro algae

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4
Q

What are the three Major Phyla?

A

Green, Brown and Red algae

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5
Q

What is the general anatomy of Seaweed?

A

Thallus (plant look)
Holdfast (roots)
Stipe (stem)
Blade (leaf)
Pnematocyst (bead, bump)

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6
Q

What habitat do most seaweed live in?

A

The Benthic Zone

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7
Q

What are the major Algal groups classified by types of photosynthetic pigments for metabolism?

A

Chlorophyll.
Carotenoids.
Phycobilins.
Flavonoids.

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8
Q

What is the best spectrum for Chlorophyll-a?

A

Blue

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9
Q

What are Carotenoids?

A

An accessory pigment and photoprotector (absorbs excess light that would damage chlorophyll, kind of like sunblock)

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10
Q

What is Green Algae?

A

over 7000 species
Lives in marine & seawater
unicellular, colonial, macroalgae
Chlorophyll-a & b, Carotenoids
Ancestors to Kingdom Plantae

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11
Q

What is Brown Algae?

A

about 2000 Species
(mostly) marine
all Macroalgae
mostly kelps
Chlorophyll-a & c, Fucoxanthin
known for kelp forests

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12
Q

What is Red Algae?

A

over 7000 species
mostly marine
Chlorophyll a, Phycobilin
known for Seaweed farming

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13
Q

What are the attributes of Seagrasses?

A

Benthic Plantae
over 60 species
fully marine
water pollination
water seed dispersal
tiny flowers
not a grass (more related to water lilies)
shallow water, clean sand
they form submerged beds/meadows
tasty for some animals

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14
Q

What is the value of Algae?

A

sediment binding
provides structure and a habitat
they make oxygen

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15
Q

What is Coastal Plantae?

A

over 100 species
Land plant on the coast (not fully submerged)
halophytes
mostly soft sediments
mostly temperate & subpolar areas

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16
Q

What is an invertebrate?

A

an animal without a backbone
95 % of all known animal species
sponges, mollusks, jellies, anthropods, worms, echinoderms, 30+ phyla, over 1 million species

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17
Q

Kingdom Animalia (metazoan) key features

A

Eukaryotic Cell type
Ingestive Heterotrophy
(true) multicellular
(mostly) need oxygen for metabolism
unique muscle & nervous tissues

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18
Q

Animal Nutrition

A

(bulk) chemo-hetero-trophy
particle feeders filter either water or sediments
carnivores, scavengers, decomposers and particle feeders

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19
Q

What are sponges?

A

Parazoa
Porifera
lack body structure
no true tissues or organs
Marine
sessile (non-mobile)
ancestral protist Eumetazoa
filter feeders
the skeleton is made of spicules & spongin

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20
Q

sponges basic terms

A

oral (top/back “mouth side” (radial)
Aboral (opposite the mouth side) (radial)
dorsal (top/back) “topside” (bilateral)
ventral (bottom/belly) “underside” (bilateral)
anterior (head/front) (bilateral)
posterior (tail/back) (bilateral)
Cephalization (dev. of “head”) (bilateral)
amoeba-cytes (multipurpose)
Porocytes (water intake)
pinacocytes (outer skin)
Choano-cytes (feeding)

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21
Q

What is the reproductivity of sponges?

A

Most sponges are bisexual/hermaphrodites & broadcast spawners
eggs fertilized internally
larval sponge released into water

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22
Q

What is Eumetazoa?

A

This subkingdom includes animals with true tissues andis divided into radially symmetrical animals and bilaterally symmetrical animals.

23
Q

What is Phylum Cnidaria?

A

This phylum includes jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydras. Cnidarians are radially or biradial symmetrical and have two or three body layers. They have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening that serves as both the mouth and anus.

24
Q

What are the Cnidarian groups?

A

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa

25
Q

What are Hydrozoans?

A

Hybrids
Polyp dominant (medusa small)
mostly colonial
benthic & planktonic

26
Q

What are Scyphozoans?

A

Sea Jellies
medusa dominant (polyp tonic)
mostly planktonic

27
Q

What are Cubozoans?

A

Box jellies, sea wasps
medusa dominant (polyps tiny)
planktonic

28
Q

What are Anthozoans?

A

Amemones, Gorgonians, and corals
polyp stage only
solitary & colonial
benthic
polyp partitioned by septa for improved structural support and digestion

29
Q

What are Siphonophones?

A

colonial, planktonic hydroids
(the biggest one is known as the Portuguese Man o war)

30
Q

What are the local scyphozoans?

A

moon jellies, sea nettle, pink meanie, cannonball jellie, upside down jelly

31
Q

What are Amenomes?

A

soft bodied
polyps mostly solitary
polyps large

32
Q

What are the local Anemones?

A

Giant amenome
corkscrew amenome
Branching amenome

33
Q

What are gorgonians?

A

Horny corals
polyp colonial
polyp small, pinnate, 8 branched
colonies complex, branching
calcified body spicules
black gorgonian endoskeleton

34
Q

What are the types of gorgonians?

A

Sea fans
Sea rods/whips
Sea plums

35
Q

What is Phylum Mollusca?

A

gastropods, birles, chitons, cephalopods(shellfish)
marine, freshwater, terrestrial
bilateral symmetry
some contorted or twisted
most have outer shells, mantle, muscular foot, radula

36
Q

What are stony corals?

A

polyps solitary & colonial
polyps inside hard coralite
may form reefs

37
Q

What are Chitons?

A

marine/saltwater only
flat body: large foot
8 dorsal shell plates
mostly shallow hard bottom
mostly epibenthic grazers

38
Q

What is the phylum Ctenophora?

A

comb jellies
marine, planktonic
radial symmetry
ciliary “combs” (ctenes)

39
Q

What are Gastropods?

A

means belly foot
snails, slugs, nudibranches
marine, freshwater, terrestial
body usually coiled internally
large foot
1 shell or no shell
grazers or carnivores

40
Q

What are local marine snails?

A

Nerites, moons, conchs, cones, olives

41
Q

What are Snails & Slugs?

A

marine, freshwater, terrestial
1 shell (snails)
no shell (slugs)

42
Q

What is Nudibranchs?

A

“Sea slugs”
marine
no shell
external appendages

43
Q

What are Bivalves?

A

means two valves
no head or radula
clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
marine and freshwater
2 shells
large foot
suspension and deposit feeders

44
Q

What are nautilus?

A

lots of tentacles
60-90 cirriarms
single chambered shell

45
Q

What is Cephalopod?

A

squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus
marine: nektonic
foot modified into tentacles
1 or no shell
large brain
ink sack
venomous beak
predators

46
Q

What are Enchinoids?

A

Sea Urchins
fully enclosed “test” (shell)
heavily spined
herbivores & deposit feeders
“regular” spherical urchins
epibenthic

47
Q

What are Asteroids?

A

sea stars
5+ arms, possible suckers
herbivores, carnivores, deposit feeders

48
Q

What are Ophriuroids?

A

brittle stars
5 thin, flexible arms (no suckers)
scavengers & detritivores (deposit feeders)

49
Q

What are crinoids?

A

Feather stars
5+ sticky feeding arms
walking (aboral) Cikri
suspension feeders

50
Q

What are Ascidians?

A

tunicates, sea squirts
benthic: resemble sponges
Solitary Tunicates (simple)
Colonial Tunicates = shared base (compound)
shared common & excurrent siphons

51
Q

What are Subphylum Tunicata?

A

tunicates, salps, pyrosomes
-active suspension feeders
pumping siphons
phangill basket
protective cellulose tunic

52
Q

What are Holothuroids (sea cucumbers)?

A

soft-bodied, worm-shaped
deposit feeders

53
Q

What are thaliaceans?

A

salps, pyrosomes
planktonic

Marine Biology (2 decks)

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