Exam III

Question 1

What are Macro Algae?

Answer 1

Large Protist Seaweed (macroscopic)

Question 2

What are true plants?

Answer 2

Kingdom Protista

Question 3

What is seaweed?

Answer 3

Protist Macro algae

Question 4

What are the three Major Phyla?

Answer 4

Green, Brown and Red algae

Question 5

What is the general anatomy of Seaweed?

Answer 5

Thallus (plant look)
Holdfast (roots)
Stipe (stem)
Blade (leaf)
Pnematocyst (bead, bump)

Question 6

What habitat do most seaweed live in?

Answer 6

The Benthic Zone

Question 7

What are the major Algal groups classified by types of photosynthetic pigments for metabolism?

Answer 7

Chlorophyll.
Carotenoids.
Phycobilins.
Flavonoids.

Question 8

What is the best spectrum for Chlorophyll-a?

Answer 8

Blue

Question 9

What are Carotenoids?

Answer 9

An accessory pigment and photoprotector (absorbs excess light that would damage chlorophyll, kind of like sunblock)

Question 10

What is Green Algae?

Answer 10

over 7000 species
Lives in marine & seawater
unicellular, colonial, macroalgae
Chlorophyll-a & b, Carotenoids
Ancestors to Kingdom Plantae

Question 11

What is Brown Algae?

Answer 11

about 2000 Species
(mostly) marine
all Macroalgae
mostly kelps
Chlorophyll-a & c, Fucoxanthin
known for kelp forests

Question 12

What is Red Algae?

Answer 12

over 7000 species
mostly marine
Chlorophyll a, Phycobilin
known for Seaweed farming

Question 13

What are the attributes of Seagrasses?

Answer 13

Benthic Plantae
over 60 species
fully marine
water pollination
water seed dispersal
tiny flowers
not a grass (more related to water lilies)
shallow water, clean sand
they form submerged beds/meadows
tasty for some animals

Question 14

What is the value of Algae?

Answer 14

sediment binding
provides structure and a habitat
they make oxygen

Question 15

What is Coastal Plantae?

Answer 15

over 100 species
Land plant on the coast (not fully submerged)
halophytes
mostly soft sediments
mostly temperate & subpolar areas

Question 16

What is an invertebrate?

Answer 16

an animal without a backbone
95 % of all known animal species
sponges, mollusks, jellies, anthropods, worms, echinoderms, 30+ phyla, over 1 million species

Question 17

Kingdom Animalia (metazoan) key features

Answer 17

Eukaryotic Cell type
Ingestive Heterotrophy
(true) multicellular
(mostly) need oxygen for metabolism
unique muscle & nervous tissues

Question 18

Animal Nutrition

Answer 18

(bulk) chemo-hetero-trophy
particle feeders filter either water or sediments
carnivores, scavengers, decomposers and particle feeders

Question 19

What are sponges?

Answer 19

Parazoa
Porifera
lack body structure
no true tissues or organs
Marine
sessile (non-mobile)
ancestral protist Eumetazoa
filter feeders
the skeleton is made of spicules & spongin

Question 20

sponges basic terms

Answer 20

oral (top/back “mouth side” (radial)
Aboral (opposite the mouth side) (radial)
dorsal (top/back) “topside” (bilateral)
ventral (bottom/belly) “underside” (bilateral)
anterior (head/front) (bilateral)
posterior (tail/back) (bilateral)
Cephalization (dev. of “head”) (bilateral)
amoeba-cytes (multipurpose)
Porocytes (water intake)
pinacocytes (outer skin)
Choano-cytes (feeding)

Question 21

What is the reproductivity of sponges?

Answer 21

Most sponges are bisexual/hermaphrodites & broadcast spawners
eggs fertilized internally
larval sponge released into water

Question 22

What is Eumetazoa?

Answer 22

This subkingdom includes animals with true tissues andis divided into radially symmetrical animals and bilaterally symmetrical animals.

Question 23

What is Phylum Cnidaria?

Answer 23

This phylum includes jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydras. Cnidarians are radially or biradial symmetrical and have two or three body layers. They have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening that serves as both the mouth and anus.

Question 24

What are the Cnidarian groups?

Answer 24

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa

Question 25

What are Hydrozoans?

Answer 25

Hybrids Polyp dominant (medusa small) mostly colonial benthic & planktonic

Question 26

What are Scyphozoans?

Answer 26

Sea Jellies medusa dominant (polyp tonic) mostly planktonic

Question 27

What are Cubozoans?

Answer 27

Box jellies, sea wasps medusa dominant (polyps tiny) planktonic

Question 28

What are Anthozoans?

Answer 28

Amemones, Gorgonians, and corals polyp stage only solitary & colonial benthic polyp partitioned by septa for improved structural support and digestion

Question 29

What are Siphonophones?

Answer 29

colonial, planktonic hydroids (the biggest one is known as the Portuguese Man o war)

Question 30

What are the local scyphozoans?

Answer 30

moon jellies, sea nettle, pink meanie, cannonball jellie, upside down jelly

Question 31

What are Amenomes?

Answer 31

soft bodied polyps mostly solitary polyps large

Question 32

What are the local Anemones?

Answer 32

Giant amenome corkscrew amenome Branching amenome

Question 33

What are gorgonians?

Answer 33

Horny corals polyp colonial polyp small, pinnate, 8 branched colonies complex, branching calcified body spicules black gorgonian endoskeleton

Question 34

What are the types of gorgonians?

Answer 34

Sea fans Sea rods/whips Sea plums

Question 35

What is Phylum Mollusca?

Answer 35

gastropods, birles, chitons, cephalopods(shellfish) marine, freshwater, terrestrial bilateral symmetry some contorted or twisted most have outer shells, mantle, muscular foot, radula

Question 36

What are stony corals?

Answer 36

polyps solitary & colonial polyps inside hard coralite may form reefs

Question 37

What are Chitons?

Answer 37

marine/saltwater only flat body: large foot 8 dorsal shell plates mostly shallow hard bottom mostly epibenthic grazers

Question 38

What is the phylum Ctenophora?

Answer 38

comb jellies marine, planktonic radial symmetry ciliary "combs" (ctenes)

Question 39

What are Gastropods?

Answer 39

means belly foot snails, slugs, nudibranches marine, freshwater, terrestial body usually coiled internally large foot 1 shell or no shell grazers or carnivores

Question 40

What are local marine snails?

Answer 40

Nerites, moons, conchs, cones, olives

Question 41

What are Snails & Slugs?

Answer 41

marine, freshwater, terrestial 1 shell (snails) no shell (slugs)

Question 42

What is Nudibranchs?

Answer 42

"Sea slugs" marine no shell external appendages

Question 43

What are Bivalves?

Answer 43

means two valves no head or radula clams, oysters, mussels, scallops marine and freshwater 2 shells large foot suspension and deposit feeders

Question 44

What are nautilus?

Answer 44

lots of tentacles 60-90 cirriarms single chambered shell

Question 45

What is Cephalopod?

Answer 45

squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus marine: nektonic foot modified into tentacles 1 or no shell large brain ink sack venomous beak predators

Question 46

What are Enchinoids?

Answer 46

Sea Urchins fully enclosed "test" (shell) heavily spined herbivores & deposit feeders "regular" spherical urchins epibenthic

Question 47

What are Asteroids?

Answer 47

sea stars 5+ arms, possible suckers herbivores, carnivores, deposit feeders

Question 48

What are Ophriuroids?

Answer 48

brittle stars 5 thin, flexible arms (no suckers) scavengers & detritivores (deposit feeders)

Question 49

What are crinoids?

Answer 49

Feather stars 5+ sticky feeding arms walking (aboral) Cikri suspension feeders

Question 50

What are Ascidians?

Answer 50

tunicates, sea squirts benthic: resemble sponges Solitary Tunicates (simple) Colonial Tunicates = shared base (compound) shared common & excurrent siphons

Question 51

What are Subphylum Tunicata?

Answer 51

tunicates, salps, pyrosomes -active suspension feeders pumping siphons phangill basket protective cellulose tunic

Question 52

What are Holothuroids (sea cucumbers)?

Answer 52

soft-bodied, worm-shaped deposit feeders

Question 53

What are thaliaceans?

Answer 53

salps, pyrosomes planktonic