Exam III Flashcards
Hyperparasitoids
parasitoids of parasitoids!
Idiobionts
paralyze prey
kionobionts
ALLOW host to continue to mature and grow
Benefits of ectoparasites
Easy dispersal, Safe from Immune system
Downsides to ectoparasites
Vulnerable to natural enemies, exposed to environment, Harder time feeding
Upsides to Endoparasites
More often protected form natural predators, protected from external environment, easier feeding
downsides to Endoparasites
Harder dispersal, More susceptible to host’s immune system
Challenges to water living
Acquiring O2, Water density (for 02) water temp, depth, water body type
Lotic Env.
Running water
Lentic
Stagnant water
Water breathing adaptations
Arthrodial membrane, gills, siphon (all adults have trachae)
oligopneustic
1-2 spiracles
spiracles with horn-like projections
trumpets!
adaptations to get foodin shwater
nets, and brush mouths
Soil Horizons
OABC
Upper A horizon is the
Humus
What buds doin underground?
Foraging
* Living there:
foraging and
mating
* Laying eggs
* Pupating
* Escaping the
elements &
overwintering
Insects living in leaf litter
Collembola, Rove beetles, ground beetles
Xylophagous
Wood eating
Pyrophilous
Attracted to brunt wood
Coprophagous
dung-eating
Troglobionts
Cavers (as a hobby)
Troglobites
Cavers (as a lifestyle)
How did insects start
as a sis taxa to crustaceans, or within crustacea
Primitive Hexapods
soft bodied
Mycangium
transports symbiotic fungi
Aquatic to terrestrial move
on floating marine vegatative mats, moss and lichen (intermittedly wet), Ephemeral ponds
terrestrial origin proof
tracheal systems in fossils, genetic evidence, trachea present in odonata nymph, plant dmg fossils
The 1st major adaptive
radiation
Lower Carboniferous (with the radiation of gymnosperms)
3 reasons for adaptive radiations
extinction event, New geographical region, closely associated with another adaptive radiation of another spp.
1st major extinction
Permian-triassic (2nd radiation)
3rd major adaptive radiation
Cretacious with angiosperm
Routes to flight
floating, running and jumping, paragliding, SURFACE SAILING
Arthropod successes
Compound eyes, Exoskeleton, Segmentation, tagmosis
oldest hexapod
collembola
adaptations to dryer environment
scales and heavier sclerotization
plant-diet adaptations
filter chamber, mandibulate or piercing-sucking mouthparts, hut microorgs
Plant Mechanical defenses
thick tissue, Spines, Pubescence, Glandular trichomes, normal trichomes
unusual defenses for plants
extrafloral nectaries, immobilizing and attracting insects for feeding of predators
eating one spp. of plant vs many
monophagous v oligophagous
insects that feed on many different families
Polyphagous
Types of Phytophagy (9)
Leaf chewing, mining, Boring, Girdling, seed feeding and boring, Root feeding, fluid feeding, galling, sap and nectar feeding
Major insect galling groups
Hemiptera by sternorryncha, Diptera (gall midges,) Hymenoptera, tropical thrips
insect pollination name
entophily
cantharophily
bettol pollination
myophily
fly pollination
Sphecophily
wasp pollination
Myrmecophily
ant pollination
Bee pollination
Melitophily
Moth pollination
Phalaenophily
Psychophily
butterfli pollination
domatia
plant homes :>
Myrmechophytes
ant pants
Myrmecochory
seed dispersal by ants (the food is elaisomes)
Irritating hairs
Non-envenomating urticating hairs
Losing a limb on purpose
Autotomy (must be hemimetabolous or an ametabolous juvenile)
Faking your death
Thanotosis
Chemical Defenses
stings, sprays, Poisonous body fluids, Poisonous secretions, envenomating urticating hairs, anifungal and bacterial chemicals on exoskeleton
Warning of distatefulness toxicity or danger
Aposematism
Batesian Mimicry
mimic not dangerous
Mullerian Mimicry
both dangeroose
My honest reaction to plant allelochemicals
keep em or detoxify
