Exam II Flashcards
Food mixes with saliva to produce food bolus
buccal cavity
muscular shaft for swallowing
pharynx
salivary glands are made up of
enzymes, possibly acids (for pathogens), possibly anticoagulants(blood feeders), mucous
esophagus transports food bolus to
crop
Solid food storage organ
crop
Muscular and rigid, sclerotized grinding structures (for mantids can be toothlike)
proventriculus
Produce and circulate digestive enzymes
Gastric cacum
center of midgut (not muscular, contains two spaces)
ventriculus
very center of midgut
endoparatrophic space
Protects insects from large molecules, solids, pathogens, toxins, and parasites
peritrophic membrane
space between the peritrophic membrane and endothelium
ectoparatrophic space
Stomach lining
endothelium
the digestive system is made up of 3 sections/parts
pre-mid-hind guts
The main pathway for food is the
alimentary canal
most enzymatic digestion takes place in the
endotrophic space
Absorb and release water and salts into and from the alimentary canal (main excretory organs)
Malpighian tubules
(increase and decrease oas)
Ileum and colon
function;
water and vitamin and fatty acid absorption, bacterial digestion
Rectum
Compaction of feces, produces frass
efficient water conservation and dehydration of feces.
cryptonephretic system
distal ends of malphigian tubules connected to rectal pads
production of honeydew; efficient H2O and sugar elimination, anterior and posterior midgut attached to each other at junction of hindgut
filter chamber
sticky high protein content saliva traps flying insects
glowing malphigian tubules
lack of crop, and very long proventriculus
mosquitos and other fluid feeders
fat bodies are composed of
adipocytes
fat body functions
storage of gycogen, lipids, and proteins
synthesis of regular blood sugar and proteins
temporary storage of uric acid
and sequestration of allelochemicals for defence (and trehalose (antifreeze))
Musculoskeletal system categories
- visceral -(surrounds tubes and ducts)
- segmental -(telescoping of body segments, helps in molting)
- apendicular -(movements of legs and antennae)
Muscle attachment sites
- Apophyses - flexible joints and attachments sites, contain springy resilin
- Apodemes -rigidity (infoldings)
- Tentorium -in the head, reinforces and gives muscle attachment
egg path
germarium -> vitellarium -> pedicel -> lateral oviduct -> common oviduct -> bursa copulatrix -> vulva
sperm production pathway (and into female)
teste -> vas deferens, -> seminal vesical -> ejaculatory duct -> aedeagus -> gonopore ->… spermatheca
oviposition into:
substrate, plants (on/in), water, on themselves, in a host
sex determination
XX female XO male
haplo-diploidy
some generations haploid, some diploid.
haplo-diploidy in bees
females diploid, males haploid
parthenogenesis
no males? (no bitches face)
Hermaphroditism
multiple genitals or passed down sperm packet (very rare and debatable)
Polyembryony
eggs that split into multiple eggs and therefore individuals
Only true flies can do this
Adenotrophic viviparity: nourish larvae with milk glands before giving birth. (then they immediately pupate)
Intrasexual communication
same sex (fighting in leks)
Intersexual communication
b/w sexes (mating)
interspecific communication
b/w spp (plant releasing chemicals)
mole crickets make what for mating
a horn! (sound chamber)
Kairomones
harm host (attracts predators)
Synomones
benefit host and organism picking it up (plant chemical to attract predators predators)
Allomones:
only benefit producer (repel insects)
which chemical induces molting process
ecdysone
3 stimuli that all are taken into account regarding molting
- External. 2. Insect growth 3. hormones that have been released by the neurosecretory system
Juvenile hormone does what;
tells body which life stage to molt to; high (another life stage,) low: (adult stage)
epidermis separates from cuticle at zone of formation at this stage in molting
Apolysis
the zone of formation that fills with molting fluid
The apolysial space
steps 3-5 in molting
New outer cuticle layer formed
Molting epidermis begins producing enzymes that dissolve the endocuticle of the old cuticle
New cuticle layers continue to be deposited
endysis
old cuticle splits along endysial line
eclosion
teneral adult emerges, the old exoskeleton is call the exuvium, once the adult is sclerotized it is called the imago
which insects can form a pupae
holometabolous insects
ootheca
egg sack
Subimago
pre-adult phase in ephemeroptera
stadium term meaning
time in-between moltings
3 instars for what?
larvae and nymphs
difference between larvae and nymph
larvae exhibit holometabolous while nymphs exhibit hemimetabolous or ametabolous development
ametabolous
juvenile looks very much like adult
Hemimetabolous
nymph to adult, nymph looks similar
larval types
apod (no legs,) polypod (front and back legs,) oligopod (hind legs)
exarate pupae
loose on body
obtect pupae
pupae fits firm to body
decticious vs adecticious pupae
mandible cut thru cocoon vs sheds cuticle first then munch out
protocerebrum processes
optic lobe information, circadium rythm, spatial learning, memory
deuterocerebrum
antennae, mouth, body wall
tritocerebrum
crop, pharynx, foregut, some mouthparts
subesophagal ganglia
mouthpart info and peripheral nerves, feeding behaviors, mouth
visceral nervous system is located
ventrally
thoracic and abdominal ganglia
innervates much of the thorax and abdomen
what is a hormone?
chemical released from the endocrine gland or NCS (Neurosecretory cells)
Neurosecretory cells are…
neurons that produce hormones (most hormones are produced form these,) are throughout the nervous system
Corpus Cardiacum
stores and releases PTTH, or prothoracicotropic hormone, which stimulated thoracic glands
Prothoracic gland, which works in tandem with the Corpus Cardiacum,
produces ecdysone, which is the molting hormone
Corpus allatum
juvenile hormone (tells which stage to molt into)
stemma/ lateral ocelli are what types of eyes
simple eyes
what are simple eyes good and bad at
very light sensitive, but lack resolving pwr
parts of simple eyes
corneal lense, rhabdom made of retinula cells, pigment cells
trichoid sensillum can detect
vibrations
Hair rows and hair plates
tells insects what position their bodies are in
Proprioceptors
Campaniform sensillum, dome setae that can tell if being touched
Gustatory receptors
function in taste (hollow setae w open pore)
Olfactory receptors
function in smell
Aposition compound eye
high rez, very low light sensitivity
Ommatidia
individual facets of eye, (ommatidium s.) allows for 360* view
retinacula cell
8 per ommatidium, each contain a rhabdomere
MODIFIED OSE
(optical superposition eye) can move pigment within pigment cells to change how light enter the eye to adapt with light levels.
optical superposition eye
some pigment cells lack pigment, allowing for groups of ommatidium to process the same light, ups light sensitivity but lowers image quality
