EXAM III

Question 1

refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence who we are—from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics and our behavior.

Answer 1

Nature

Question 2

refers to all the environmental variables that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships, and our surrounding culture.

Answer 2

Nurture

Question 3

~the study of gene-environment interaction.
~the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence.

Answer 3

Epigenetics

Question 4

A ________ is an organism’s complete set of heritable genes, or genes that can be passed down from parents to offspring

Answer 4

Genotype

Question 5

_________ is the term used in genetics for the composite observable characteristics or traits of an organism

Answer 5

Phenotype

Question 6

the measure of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health.

Answer 6

Exposome

Question 7

the field of study focusing on the behavioral outcomes of the relationship between the exposome and individual genetic makeup

Answer 7

Behavioral epigenetics

Question 8

This occurs when the Methyl groups tag DNA and activate or repress genes.

Answer 8

DNA Methylation

Question 9

The binding of epigenetic factors to histone “tails” alters the extent to which DNA is wrapped around histone and the availability of genes in the DNA to be activated.

Answer 9

Histone/Chromatin Modification

Question 10

Environmental Factors associated with Epigenetic Processes

Answer 10

Physical
Behavioral
Social
Psychological
Cultural

Question 11

P
R
E
C
E
D
E

Answer 11

Predisposing,
Reinforcing and
Enabling
Constructs in
Educational/environmental
Diagnosis and
Evaluation

Question 12

P
R
O
C
E
E
D

Answer 12

Policy,
Regulatory,
Organizational
Constructs in
Educational and
Environmental
Development

Question 13

-_______ evaluation tasks: Specifying measurable & desired objectives

-_______ evaluation tasks: Monitoring & Continuous quality improvement

Answer 13

Precede
Proceed

Question 14

(Phase) Assessment of quality of life and social factors surrounding one or more health problems; ranking or positioning the health problems in context.

Answer 14

PHASE 1: SOCIAL ASSESSMENT & SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

Question 15

(Phase) Assessment of Prevalence/incidence of a health condition, any co-morbid conditions, and affected populations.

Answer 15

PHASE 2: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Question 16

This planning model sets out a set of risk and protective factors that are said to be predictors of risk behavior.

-Risk factors Increase the likelihood of problem behaviors
-Protective factors reduce the likelihood of problem behaviors

Answer 16

The Risk And Protective Factors Planning Model

Question 17

(Phase Seven): An assessment of program implementation.

(Phase Eight): An assessment of the short-term effects of a program (2-3 years).

(Phase Nine): An assessment of the long-term effects of your program, the kinds of effects that might happen in several years or more.

Answer 17

Process evaluation
Outcome evaluation
Impact evaluation

Question 18

(PHASE 6) Putting your program in place after using your assessment process to design it.  Proceed.

Answer 18

IMPLEMENTATION

Question 19

(Phase 5) Assessment of administrative, organizational, and political resources available to support the development and implementation of a health promotion program.

Answer 19

ADMINISTRATIVE/ POLICY ASSESSMENT

Question 20

(PHASE 4) Assessment of attitudes, knowledge, social/cultural norms, community organization, and other factors that contribute to the behavioral and environmental risk factors identified in Phase 3.

Answer 20

EDUCATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Question 21

(PHASE 4)
__________ factors: A population’s knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, values, perceptions, genetic predisposition, etc.

Perceived risk of smoking, peer smoking, perceived benefits of and perceived barriers to quitting

___________ factors: Skills, resources, and barriers that help or hinder the desired behavior.

Availability of cigarette at store, lacking programs, exposure to smoking, insufficient public info about risk of smoking

_______________ factors: What rewards are received or available when people adopt that desired behavior?
For facilitating smoking: I like the smell of tobacco, relax me, weight loss; For reducing smoking: improved sleep, physical capacity, increased self esteem

Answer 21

Predisposing
Enabling
Reinforcing

Question 22

A ___________ may be defined as a group or collection of human individuals belong­ing to a single species, e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, children/adolescents/adults.

A __________ may be defined as populations of different species bound together in a common habitat, such as geographic place or virtual community.

Answer 22

population
community

Question 23

___________ _______________
Broader, multilevel, universal preventions/interventions, that target a general population

___________ __ ___ _________
More targeted interventions within a community
Selected preventions/interventions that target individual/groups that are at high risk for a particular health problem.

Answer 23

Community interventions (CI)
Interventions in the community

Question 24

_____________ interventions tend to result in smaller changes, but over a large number of people – a larger absolute number

_____________ in a community may result in large changes, but over a small number of people – a smaller absolute number.

Answer 24

Community
interventions

Question 25

Which process blocks the transcription (copying) process, “turning off” expression of that gene? A) Acetylation B) Phosphorylation C) DNA methylation D) DNA demethylation

Answer 25

C) DNA methylation

Question 26

the key for which of the following is that a wide range of environmental factors, from many layers of a person’s social ecology, can affect DNA methylation/demethylation and histone modification for specific genes as part of the process of translation and transcription? A) Eugenics B) Genomics C) Epigenetics D) Epigenomics

Answer 26

C) Epigenetics

Question 27

Although changes resulting from epigenetic mechanisms can persist and may even be inherited, some of these changes can be reversed, known as: A) tonicity. B) plasticity. C) elasticity. D) spasticity

Answer 27

B) plasticity.

Question 28

Changes resulting from epigenetic mechanisms can persist and may even be inherited—passed on to the next generation. True/False

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Which of the following is an assessment of the prevalence/incidence of a health condition, comorbid condition(s), and affected populations? A) Social assessment B) Epidemiological assessment C) Behavioral and environmental assessment D) Educational and ecological assessment

Answer 29

B) Epidemiological assessment

Question 30

Which of the following involves the practical details about putting a program into action? A) Epidemiological assessment B) Behavioral and environmental assessment C) Educational and ecological assessment D) Administrative and policy assessment

Answer 30

D) Administrative and policy assessment

Question 31

Which of the following is extremely important as a way of letting you know—internally—whether your program is working and in what ways it is or is not working, and even why it may or may not be working? A) Incorporation B) Implementation C) Evaluation D) Authorization

Answer 31

C) Evaluation

Question 32

True or False? In today’s health promotion program environment, there is often a requirement to use evidence-based or model programs that are responsive to the community situation.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Incorporating the use of which of the following brings legitimacy to the project because they are closely connected to the target population and are perceived as “knowing how it is”? A) Community health nurses B) Community health physicians C) Community health researchers D) Community health outreach workers

Answer 33

D) Community health outreach workers

Question 34

Which of the following means that an intervention or program you put in place needs to refer, as much as possible, to situations, people, and issues relevant to the target community/population? A) Monitoring B) Targeting C) Tailoring D) Focusing

Answer 34

C) Tailoring

Question 35

Making sure to train and hire members of the community to manage and operate the program is one step to increase which aspect of the program? A) Feasibility B) Sustainability C) Adaptability D) Functionality

Answer 35

B) Sustainability

Question 36

Tailoring is a process of adapting an existing program to a new situation, community, or population, as much as it is developing a new program. T/F The business of public health, by nature, is the business of addressing the health of community aggregates. T/F

Answer 36

True False

Question 37

Which of the following has been defined as “classroom instruction that addresses the physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions of health; develops health knowledge, attitudes, and skills; and is tailored to each age level”? A) Targeted school health education B) Coordinated school health education C) Focused school health education D) Comprehensive school health education

Answer 37

D) Comprehensive school health education

Question 38

In which model do comprehensive and coordinated school health approaches make a lot of sense, although they certainly require resources to put them in place? A) Health Belief Model B) Ecological Model C) Transtheoretical Model D) Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 38

B) Ecological Model

Question 39

There is a history of health promotion in schools from relatively early in the 20th century, so the experience and infrastructure for conducting health promotion interventions is already in place. T/F The major difference between school setting and workplace setting in health promotion is that students in the former one are captive audience because they are children and more dependent, while workers in the latter one are not captive audience because they are adults and more independent. T/F The school or school district is likely to keep some epidemiological data on its students, and this data should be relatively easy to obtain. T/F

Answer 39

True False False