Exam II Flashcards
Types of ______ Theories:
-Social cognitive theory
-Social network theory
Behavioral Theories
Theory:
-Diffusion of innovation
-Social marketing
Social Process Theories
Theory:
Learning by observation of others (Vicarious Learning)
Social Cognitive Theory
Theory: Behavior, individual factors, and environmental factors interact with each other
Social Cognitive Theory
Individual Characteristics (SCT Constructs)
B
E
E
M
S
S
-Behavioral Capability
-Expectations
-Expectancies
-Managing Emotional Arousal
-Self-Control of Performance
-Self-Efficacy
Environmental Factors (SCT Constructs)
S
O
R
R
Situation
Observational Learning
Reinforcement
Reciprocal Determinism
Confidence in performing a behavior
Self-Efficacy
Level of knowledge and skill related to a behavior
Behavioral Capability
What might happen if behavior is done (changed)
Expectations
Is the expected outcome good or will be rewarded
Expectancies
Control over making a behavior change
Self Control
Ability to deal with emotions involved in a behavior change
Emotional Coping
Observing behavior of others and consequences of that behavior
Observational/Vicarious Learning
Social/Physical environment in which the behavior takes place and a person’s perception of those factors. Situation may raise barriers and opportunities.
Situation
Positive or negative responses to behavior
Reinforcement
Iterative process making a change based on individual characteristics and social/environmental cues, receives a response, and makes adjustments to the behavior
Reciprocal Determinism
the network of relationships surrounding a person, or larger networks involving the person.
Social Network
This theory is used primarily for small or defined group interventions
Social Network Theory
New Technology or behavior
Innovation
Process by which innovation is communicated
Diffusion
Behavior Changes as innovations are adopted
Diffusion of Innovations
DOI- Process
I
D
A
I
M
Innovation Development
Dissemination
Adoption (Decision)
Implementation
Maintenance
The development of the innovation itself – planning, formative research, testing, etc.
-Technology
-Behavior
-Program
Innovation Development
Process by which the innovation is communicated or “active knowledge transfer from the resource system to the user system”
Dissemination
The “uptake” of the innovation by the target population or intended audience.
Adoption
Decision to adopt is said to be influenced by three types of knowledge:
awareness knowledge
-Innovation exists
procedural knowledge
-How to use
principles knowledge
-Understanding how the innovation works
Initial use of the new product (practice or technology).
Implementation
Focus on sustainability, keeping adoption of the behavior.
Maintenance
A specific approach to health communications and behavior change to achieve health aims using the principles of commercial marketing.
Social Marketing
Social marketing campaigns are built around the “FOUR Ps”:
P
P
P
P
Product: The behavior, program, technology
Price: Cost of adoption (not necessarily financial)
Place: Where product available
Promotion: How to promote the first three “Ps”
process of transmitting, receiving, and processing information important for behavior.
Communication
The key components of communication include
Sender
Message
Receiver
Communication Theory Key concepts
S
E
M
C
R
D
N
Sender: Who stands in some relationship to the intended receivers
Encoding: To package the message in text or symbols of some kinds
Message: The information to transmit
Channel: The means through which the message is transmitted
Receiver: The target
Decoding: Interpret the information received
Noise: Any interference which may influence the accuracy of transmitted information
refers to the MEDIUM through which you transmit the information
Communication Channel
A One-way transmission of information from one sender to receiver
Action Model
a two-step transmission of information from sender to receiver with feedback from receiver back to sender
Interaction Model
an Interactive model with continuous feedback loops between sender and receiver
Transaction Model
involve collective action by groups and community members to increase awareness about the problem, advocate for policy change, and engage in other activities to address the ecology of a health problem.
Community mobilization efforts
-An important result of community action
-the community takes charge of the issue, defines what the goals are, and takes the necessary action.
Empowerment
a philosophy and an approach to organizational change that view organizations as systems of human beings.
Organizational development
understands and explains health behavior as part of a pattern of living that integrates action with meaning, symbols, and values, as these are connected to a larger social structure.
Cultural Anthropology
focuses on health behavior as a species adaptation to (or interaction with) an environment.
Biological Anthropology
solutions to health problem must address the social relationships (e.g., economic patterns, relationships of ethnicity, etc.) that contribute to the problem.
Political Economy Perspective
Stages of Organizational Systems change
A
E
I
I
R
-Assessing and improving group dynamics within the organization/system (the way people work together)
-Encouraging shared goals and missions
-Identifying organizational impediments to change, and “unfreezing” the organization or system to make changes
-Involving the organization or system (Transition) in identifying and implementing new policies and practices
-Refreezing stage
__________ _______ of communication and dissemination that are relevant to a particular population or group and working through those channels to provide information.
Identifying channels
_________ ________ to health care/prevention access that are important for a particular population or group and working collaboratively to resolve those barriers.
Identifying barriers.
_______ ___ ________of cultural knowledge and practice systems (ethnomedical systems) related to health that might be shaping health behavior.
Identifying the Elements
__________ ____ ___ ________ __ ______representing these cultural practices in order to identify and implement health promotion approaches that fit the population.
Collaborating with key individuals or groups
What Systems are within the BRONFENBRENNER’S ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY
The Microsystem
The Mesosystem
The Exosystem
The Macrosystem
The chronosystem
Relationships and structures most direct, immediate to a child, such as:
Family
School
Neighborhood
Microsystem
Relationships and structures that connect different components (or parts) of a child’s microsystem (“connective tissue”). These include connections between:
-a child’s teacher and parents
-an organization like the YMCA, parents, and the neighborhood
-faith organizations, families and neighborhoods, etc.
Mesosystem
The social system surrounding the first two systems. A child may not interact directly with this system, but his/her development is directly affected because the ________ includes
-workplaces
-social services
-health services that have an impact on the child’s well-being.
Exosystem
Underlying context integrated with other system levels. Includes
-policy
-economy
-cultural values
-customs and laws
Macrosystem
-the factor of time added to the other system levels.
-Multiple systems, operating over time.
Chronosystem
interaction of multiple systems with individual biological processes (i.e. psychological, cognitive, and genetic elements).
Biological Element
What processes occur between an individual and his/her immediate environment.
Proximal
What processes occur within that environment, eventually affecting the immediate or proximal interactions?
Distal processes
Which interactive process is why we have included Social Cognitive Theory as a
social/environmental theory rather than an individual-oriented theory?
A) Self-efficacy
B) Value expectancy
C) Decisional balance
D) Reciprocal determinism
Reciprocal determinism
Which of the f ollowing is a broad area of theory whose implications range from
sociological and health-related applications to communications, political opinion, esoteric mathematical
and systems theory applications, and others?
A) Social Cognitive Theory
B) Social Network Theory
C) Diffusion of Innovations
D) Social Marketing
Social Network Theory
The health promotion goal of which of the f ollowing is to have people voluntarily
adopt the health behavior or health technology because they come to view the behavior (or technology)
as in their interest?
A) Social Cognitive Theory
B) Social Network Theory
C) Diffusion of Innovations
D) Social Marketing
Social Marketing
Which of the following refers to the “uptake” of the behavior or technology by the
intended audience?
A) Diffusion
B) Dissemination
C) Adoption
D) Implementation
Adoption
The first step in the innovation-decision process of Diffusion of Innovation is:
A. determining the cost of the innovation
B. having knowledge of the innovation
C. identifying need for the innovation
D. trying the innovation
having knowledge of the innovation
Your innovative exercise program will become mainstream and part of the social culture as soon as which of the following groups on the adoption curve begin to use it?
A. Innovators
B. Early majority
C. Laggards
D. Early adopters
Early Majority
You are planning a comprehensive, year-long lead poisoning prevention
program for the small rural community of ABC Village. Your first intervention must be a communication
campaign to increase awareness of the problem. Which of the following theories would be most appropriate to use as the framework for the whole program?
A. Transtheoretical Model
B. Self-Efficacy Theory
C. Diffusion of Innovation
D. Social Cognitive Theory
Diffusion of Innovation
Which of the following is NOT a construct of Social-Cognitive Theory
(SCT)?
A. Self-efficacy
B. Expectations
C. Behaviorism
D. Vicarious learning
Behviorism
True or False? Social Cognitive Theory is very complex, and because it includes so many constructs that are said to be related to behavior, it can be viewed as less of a theory than a
generally related “grab-bag.”
T
True or False? Social Cognitive Theory has gone through several evolutions, yet all of the components ever included in the theory are still “hanging around.”
T
Essentially, which of the f ollowing is both a philosophy and an approach to
organizational change that views organizations as syst ems of human beings?
A) Community mobilization
B) Organizational development
C) Dissemination science
D) Communications theory
Organizational Development
Which model below suggests that information transmission is based on a two-step transmission of information from sender to receiver with feedback from receiver back to sender?
A) Transaction Model
B) Interaction Model
C) Action Model
D) Transtheoretical model
Interaction Model
Who is a communicator in transactional model?
(a). The sender.
(b). The receiver.
(c). Both a and b.
(d). None of the above.
Both
The whole enterprise of encoding something as gossip aims to utilize the
medium of a peer group or community to send part of the message.
True or False
True
Just like in political campaigns, the use of media and communications in public
health aims to affect the agenda of what people are concerned about in order to set the stage for or to prompt action.
T or F
T
There will always be a political-economic context that has an ef f ect on what people do and what they can or cannot do.
True or False
True
Although an individual child does not interact directly with the
__________, the child’s development is directly affected because this system includes structures
and units such as the workplace, social services, and health services that have an effect on the
child’s well-being.
A) mesosystem
B) exosystem
C) macrosystem
D) chronosystem
Exosystem
Which of the following came out of a view that the most commonly used
theoretical approaches and resulting health promotion interventions address only pieces of the
puzzle?
A) The CDC/WHO Model
B) Flay’s Theory of Triadic Influence
C) The Integrated Behavior Model
D) The Adolescent Well-Being Framework
Flay’s Theory of Triadic Influence
n Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, interactions between parents and teachers occur
in the ______.
A) The mesosystem
B) The chronosystem
C) The microsystem
D) The exosystem
Mesosystem
In an effort to address the childhood obesity epidemic, you have been
assisting the school board, parents’ association and town council to develop initiatives that will
encourage parents to allow their children to walk to and from school. This is an example of
influencing behavior at which ecological level?
A) The chronosystem
B) The microsystem
C) The exosystem
D) The mesosystem
Mesosystem
20-year-old Ross lives in a country with very low governmental standards for public education. As
a result, he is barely literate. The public policies that impact Ross’s education are part of the ______
A) mesosystem
B) macrosystem
C) microsystem
D) exosystem
Macrosystem
According to Bronfenbrenner, the environment _______.
A) negatively impacts the breakdown in exosystem activities.
B) is a static force.
C) is an effective substitute for lack of parental involvement.
D) is an ever-changing system.
Ever changing system
The Flay’s Theory of Triadic Influence assumes that the trail of a behavior is determined by one’s
decisions or intentions. It is organized in a 3 × 3 framework with three levels influence (causation)
and three streams of influence. Accordingly, all statements below are correct EXCPET:
A) The levels of causation include ultimate, immediate, and proximal.
B) The levels of causation include ultimate, distal, and proximal.
C) The streams of causation include Intrapersonal, Social, and Cultural-Environmental Influences
D) The streams of causation include Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Cultural -Environmental
Influences
A) The levels of causation include ultimate, immediate, and proximal.
The chronosystem is really just the factor of time added to the other
system levels—the multiple systems, operating over time.
T or F
T
According to Flay’s Theory of Triadic Influence, streams and sub-
streams of influence flow from the most distant causes to causes closest to the behavior of concern
in a cascade of multiple interacting influences.
T or F
T
According to Flay’s Theory of Triadic Influence, streams and sub-
streams of influence flow from the most distant causes to causes closest to the behavior of concern
in a cascade of multiple interacting influences.
T or F
T
Distal processes are those that occur within an environment and do NOT impact an individual.
T or F
F
The Flay’s Theory of Triadic Influence only considers major influences of behavior as those
within the three streams but does not considers the interactions between stream paths and
behavioral experience feedback loops.
T or F
F
