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Cancer & Aging > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

10.1: Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A) An oncovirus is a virus that causes cancer

B) Oncoviruses include DNA viruses and RNA viruses

C) All oncoviruses contain viral oncogenes

A

C) All oncoviruses contain viral oncogenes

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2
Q

10.2: Which of the following statements about Rous Sarcoma virus is NOT correct?

A) Rous Sarcoma virus is a retrovirus

B) Some Rous Sarcoma viruses contain viral SRC oncogene

C) Rous Sarcoma viruses containing SRC oncogenes are usually replication incompetent

D) Rous Sarcoma viruses containing SRC oncogenes interfere with tumor suppressor protein.

A

D) Rous Sarcoma viruses containing SRC oncogenes interfere with tumor suppressor protein.

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3
Q

10.3: Chicken fibroblast cells were infected with Rous Sarcoma viruses carrying a temperature sensitive SRC gene, at which of the following conditions that the chicken fibroblast cells would show transformed phenotype?

A) Culturing at 37 oC

B) Culturing at 41 oC

A

A) Culturing at 37 oC

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4
Q

10.4: Viral oncoproteins act in different ways in promoting oncogenesis, which of the following mechanisms is NOT how viral oncoproteins function?

A) Viral oncoproteins function as growth factors

B) Viral oncoproteins function as growth factor receptors

C) Viral oncoproteins function as transcription factors

D) Viral oncoproteins function as tumor suppressors

A

D) Viral oncoproteins function as tumor suppressors

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5
Q

10.5: Based on the transforming speed of the retrovirus, which of the following rankings, in
descending order, is correct?

A) Transducing retroviruses, cis-activating retroviruses, and trans-activating retroviruses

B) Transducing retroviruses, trans-activating retroviruses, and cis-activating retroviruses

C) Cis-activating retroviruses, transducing retroviruses, and trans-activating retroviruses

D) None of the above

A

A) Transducing retroviruses, cis-activating retroviruses, and trans-activating retroviruses

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6
Q

10.6: Which of the following statements IS correct in describing cis-acting retroviruses?

A) Do not carry oncogenes

B) Lost certain viral genes

C) Replication incompetent

D) Carry oncogenes

A

A) Do not carry oncogenes

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7
Q

10.7: Which of the following statements is correct in describing the outcomes of retroviral insertion
into host genome?

A) The insertion is locus-specific targeted insertion

B) Insertion induced tumor is polyclonal

C) Insertion could activate oncogene via strong viral promoter or enhancer or inactivate tumor suppressor genes via gene disruption.

D) None of the above.

A

C) Insertion could activate oncogene via strong viral promoter or enhancer or inactivate tumor suppressor genes via gene disruption.

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8
Q

10.8: Which of the following statements BEST describes the non-structural protein Tax from HTLV-1 retrovirus?

A) Tax is an oncogene

B) Tax is involved in cis-activation of oncogenes

C) Tax is involved in trans-activation of genes promoting cell cycle progression

D) None of the above

A

C) Tax is involved in trans-activation of genes promoting cell cycle progression

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9
Q

10.9: Which of the following statements about small DNA tumor viruses IS correct?

A) Transformation occurs only in “aborted” viral life cycle

B) Oncogenes in small DNA tumor viruses are essential viral genes which have cellular
homologues

C) Frequency of transformation by small DNA tumor viruses is high

D) None of the above.

A

A) Transformation occurs only in “aborted” viral life cycle

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10
Q

10.10: Certain DNA tumor viral proteins target p53 protein to inactivate cellular DNA damage response for viral replication, which of the following statements about the functions of viral protein is NOT correct?

A) SV40 Polyomavirus T antigen binds to p53 protein to stabilize p53 in an inactive state

B) HPV E6 binds to p53 protein to recruit E6AP which results in ubiquitination of p53 for
degradation.

C) Adenoviral E1B binds p53 to convert p53 from activator to repressor of transcription

D) E1A binds to and inactivate p53

A

D) E1A binds to and inactivate p53.

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11
Q

10.11: DNA tumor viral proteins can negate pRB protein to deregulate cell cycle check point. Which of the following statements about the interaction between viral proteins and pRB is not correct?

A) SV40 Polyomavirus large T antigen can target pRB

B) Papillomavirus E7 protein targets pRB

C) Adenovirus E1A targets pRB

D) Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 protein targets pRB

A

D) Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 protein targets pRB

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12
Q

10.12: Certain DNA tumor viral proteins functions similarly as growth factors or growth factor receptors to promote cellular transformation. Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) Bovine papillomavirus E5 protein functions to activate PDGF receptor signal pathway

B) Polyomavirus middle T antigen protein activate src signal pathway

C) EBV LMP1 mimics CD40

D) EBV EBNA1 activates NF-kb

A

D) EBV EBNA1 activates NF-kb

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13
Q

10.13: Experiments using temperature-sensitive mutants of RSV to infect chicken embryo fibroblasts demonstrated that…

A) Infection with RSV is necessary to initiate transformation of these cells, but the RSV genome is not needed to maintain the transformed state.

B) The RSV transforming gene is necessary for both the initiation and maintenance of transformation in these cells.

C) Infection with RSV alone is unable to transform these cells.

D) Cells infected with RSV continue to exhibit normal cellular morphology.

E) None of the above.

A

B) The RSV transforming gene is necessary for both the initiation and maintenance of transformation in these cells.

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14
Q

10.14: Which of the following is considered to be a tumor virus?

A) Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

B) Human papillomavirus (HPV)

C) Shope fibroma virus

D) Human adenovirus 5

E) All of the above

A

E) All of the above

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15
Q

10.15: Once a cell has been infected with a retrovirus, how might viral genes be transmitted from mother to daughter cells?

A) Virus carries reverse transcriptase, which converts viral RNA genome into DNA and integrates into host genome, so that it is replicated along with host DNA prior to cell division.

B) Viral RNA converts into DNA, which may be linked to host DNA through protein bridges, allowing it to tag along with host chromosomal DNA during cell division

C) Viral RNA converts into DNA, which replicates as episomes

D) None of the above.

A

A) Virus carries reverse transcriptase, which converts viral RNA genome into DNA and integrates into host genome, so that it is replicated along with host DNA prior to cell division.

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16
Q

10.16: Some retroviruses are able to transform cells through

A) Inserting themselves near a proto-oncogene in the host genome.

B) Acquiring oncogenes within their own genome.

C) Possessing genes that specify proteins that activate cellular genes involved in proliferation.

D) A, B, and C

E) None of the above.

A

D) A, B, and C

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17
Q

10.17: Which of the following IS true of retroviruses?

A) They are DNA viruses.

B) Their replication cycle requires DNA to be transcribed to RNA.

C) The DNA versions of their viral genomes are called proviruses.

D) B and C.

E) None of the above.

A

D) B and C.

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18
Q

10.18: Which of the following is a property of transformed cells? (Level 2)

A) Rounded shape

B) Reduced requirement for mitogenic growth factors

C) Loss of contact inhibition

D) Increased transport of glucose

E) All of the above

A

E) All of the above

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19
Q

10.19: A gene found in a normal cell’s genome that can be picked up and altered by a virus to drive cellular transformation is known as (Level 1)

A) An oncogene

B) A proto-oncogene

C) A transgene

D) A protogene

E) None of the above

A

B) A proto-oncogene

20
Q
  1. 20: Scientists may map the insertion sites of viruses in DNA isolated from tumors that formed following retroviral infection in order to

A) Identify the viral genes responsible for transformation.

B) Discover new proto-oncogenes.

C) Determine how viruses suppress tumorigenesis.

D) Understand how viruses infect cells.

E) All of the above.

A

B) Discover new proto-oncogenes.

21
Q

10.21: Which of the following viruses is NOT considered as a small DNA tumor virus?

A) Herpesviruses

B) Adenovirus

C) Papillomavirus

D) Polyomavirus

A

A) Herpesviruses

22
Q

10.22: Which of the following statements is NOT a correct description of Epstein-Barr Virus and viral proteins?

A) First human virus to be directly implicated in human tumors

B) EBNA1 of Epstein-Barr Virus functions to maintain viral genome

C) LMP1 can constitutively active CD40

D) EBNA3C activates pRB cell cycle checkpoint

A

D) EBNA3C activates pRB cell cycle checkpoint

23
Q

10.23: Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus encodes various viral proteins that mimic chemokines, signaling molecules and molecules involved in cell cycle control. Identify such KSHV viral molecules from the following molecules

A) vIL-6

B) v-Bcl2

C) v cyclin D

D) All of above

A

D) All of above

24
Q

10.24: Which of the following statements about Papilloma virus and cervical cancer IS correct?

A) HPV 16 is the highest risk genotype and is detected in over 50% of cervical cancers

B) Pap smear screening programs decreased the mortality of Papilloma virus induced cervical cancers in developed countries

C) An individual infected with HPV16 has a 5% chance of developing cervical cancer.

D) All of above

A

D) All of above

25
Q

10.25: Which of the following statements about Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) IS correct?

A) KSHV is the 3rd most common cancer caused by virus infection

B) KSHV infection is usually asymptomatic, but cancers develop in immunosuppressed
individuals

C) KHSV carries various viral proteins that promote cell proliferation and deregulate cell cycle checkpoint control.

D) All of the above.

A

D) All of the above.

26
Q

11.1: Intravasation is the movement of cancer cells from the primary site (Level 2)

A) Into blood vessels.

B) Into lymphatic vessels.

C) Into distant organs.

D) A and B.

E) None of the above.

A

D) A and B.

27
Q

11.2: The growth of microscopic metastases into macroscopic masses is known as (Level 1)

A) Invasion.

B) Colonization.

C) Intravasation.

D) Extravasation.

E) None of the above

A

B) Colonization.

28
Q

11.3: The ability for cancer cells to form a secondary tumor at a site distant from the primary tumor (Level 2)

A) Is acquired along with the ability to move through circulation.

B) Is possessed by the majority of cells in a tumor.

C) Is often acquired after micrometastases have been established.

D) Usually occurs prior to establishment of micrometastases.

E) None of the above.

A

C) Is often acquired after micrometastases have been established.

29
Q

11.4: Cells that undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition will acquire (Level 2)

A) Increased invasive ability.

B) Higher resistance to apoptosis.

C) Increased motility.

D) Ability to metastasize.

E) All of the above.

A

E) All of the above.

30
Q

11.5: Cells undergoing EMT are most frequently observed

A) In normal tissue surrounding a tumor.

B) In the center of a tumor.

C) Near the edge of a tumor.

D) Only in circulating tumor cells.

E) None of the above.

A

C) Near the edge of a tumor.

31
Q

11.6: Expression of αVβ6 integrin is often observed in epithelial cells that are involved in

A) Chronic inflammation.

B) Wound healing.

C) EMT.

D) A, B, and C.

E) None of the above.

A

D) A, B, and C.

32
Q

11.7: The EMT program is regulated in part by

A) NF-κB signaling.

B) Wnt signaling.

C) TGF-β signaling.

D) Stromal cells.

E) All of the above.

A

E) All of the above.

33
Q

11.8: Which of the following is NOT true of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)?

A) They degrade the extracellular matrix surrounding tumor cells.

B) They inhibit tumor cell invasion.

C) They can cleave collagen.

D) They can be expressed in macrophages.

E) All of the above.

A

B) They inhibit tumor cell invasion.

34
Q

11.9: Extravasation refers to the process of tumor cells

A) Moving out of blood vessels

B) Moving out of lymphatic vessels

C) Moving into the blood vessels

D) A & B

A

D) A & B

35
Q

11.10: Matrix metalloproteinases

A) Must be inhibited for a cell to become invasive.

B) Degrade components of the extracellular matrix.

C) Are down-regulated in most cancers.

D) A and C.

E) None of the above.

A

B) Degrade components of the extracellular matrix.

36
Q

11.11: Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The circulatory layout may strongly influence the location of metastases.

B) A tumor’s tendency to metastasize to particular tissues may reflect the tumor cells’ ability to adapt to the microenvironment within those tissues.

C) Colon cancer most frequently metastasizes to the lungs.

D) A and B.

E) All of the above.

A

D) A and B.

37
Q

11.12: The majority of metastases are the result of cancer cell invasion (Level 1)

A) Through blood vessels.

B) Through lymphatic vessels.

C) Through bones.

D) Through soft tissues.

E) None of the above.

A

A) Through blood vessels.

38
Q

11.13: Which of the following cells is not part of a triad?

A) Tumor cells

B) Macrophages

C) Endothelial cells

D) T cells

A

D) T cells

39
Q

11.14: Which of the following conditions is not required for a functional triad?

A) The three cellular components (tumor cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells) are directly apposed

B) Tumor cells express significant levels of Mena actin-cytoskeleton-regulating protein

C) T cell infiltration

A

C) T cell infiltration

40
Q

11.15: Small, focal protrusions from the cell surface that degrade areas of the extracellular matrix are called

A) Invadopodia.

B) Collagenopodia.

C) Filaments.

D) Cytoskeletal arms.

E) None of the above.

A

A) Invadopodia.

41
Q

11.16: In comparison between E-cadherin and N-cadherin, which forms a tighter homodimer?

A) E-cadherin

B) N-cadherin

C) The same

A

A) E-cadherin

42
Q

11.17: Extracellular proteases play key roles in tumor invasiveness. Which of the following cells express MMPs to digest extracellular matrix?

A) Tumor cells

B) Tumor-associated macrophages

C) Tumor-associated fibroblast cells

D) All of above

A

D) All of above

43
Q

11.18: TGF-β induced EMT is mediated via the

A) Smad signal pathway

B) Bcl-2 signal pathway

C) P53 signal pathway

D) None of above

A

A) Smad signal pathway

44
Q

11.19: Which of the following transcription factors promotes EMT?

A) Snail

B) Twist

C) ZEB factor

D) All of above

A

D) All of above

45
Q

11.20: Which of the following cellular events is involved with EMT?

A) The disruption of polarity complex

B) Dissolution of cell-cell contact

C) Actin re-organization

D) All of above

A

D) All of above

Cancer & Aging (3 decks)

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