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Marine Biology > Exam II Terms > Flashcards

Exam II Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

flowering plants

A

division Magnoliophyta

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2
Q

cordgrasses

A

true members of grass family. salt-tolerant land plants.

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3
Q

detritus

A

dead, decomposing material on substrate

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4
Q

halophyte

A

salt tolerant plant

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5
Q

mangroves

A

trees and shrubs adapted to live along tropical and subtropical shores

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6
Q

mangal

A

mangrove forest

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7
Q

protozoans

A

animal-like protists

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8
Q

foraminiferans

A

(phylum Granuloreticulosa) aka forams

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9
Q

test

A

foram shell made of calcium carbonate

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10
Q

pseudopodia

A

Protrudes through pores in test

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11
Q

foraminiferan ooze

A

type of calcareous ooze

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12
Q

radiolarians

A

phylum Polycystina

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13
Q

radiolarian shells

A

silica

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14
Q

radiolarian ooze

A

type of siliceous ooze

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15
Q

zooxanthellae

A

dinoflagellates in corals and other cnidarians

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16
Q

sponges

A

(phylum Porifera) no true tissues or organs

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17
Q

sessile

A

attached to some surface

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18
Q

ostia

A

pores for water entry

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19
Q

osculum

A

large hole where water exits

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20
Q

suspension feeder

A

eats food particles suspended in water

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21
Q

filter feeders

A

suspension feeder that filters food particles

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22
Q

deposit feeder

A

suspension feeder that eat detritus on bottom

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23
Q

sponge cell types

A

pinacocytes - flat cells on surface
porocytes - pore like cells on surface
choanocytes (collar cells) - collect food particles
amebocytes - secrete spicules and spongin

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24
Q

spicules

A

siliceous or calcareous

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25
Q

spongin

A

tough elastic fibers in skeleton

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26
Q

broadcast spawning

A

release of gametes into water

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27
Q

metamorphosis

A

drastic change from larva to adult

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28
Q

encrusting sponges

A

form thin growths on rocks and dead corals

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29
Q

glass sponges

A

have lace-like skeloton of fused siliceous spicules. deep-water.

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30
Q

boring sponges

A

bore thin channels through calcium carbonate

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31
Q

sclerosponges (coralline sponges)

A

have calcium carbonate skeleton beneath body of sponge.

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32
Q

Class Demospongiae

A

Clinona langae - brown encrusting sponge
Callyspongia vaginalis - gray tube sponge
Tedania ignes - fire sponge
Spheciospongia vesparium - loggerhead sponge

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33
Q

sponge ecology

A

can use particles too small for any other filter feeders

well suited to low food reef environment

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34
Q

picoplankton

A

particles smaller than bacteria. cyanobacteria and very tiny Eukaryotes

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35
Q

Coelenterates

A

Cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria)

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36
Q

nematocysts (cnidae)

A

stinging structures

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37
Q

cnidocytes

A

cells with nematocysts

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38
Q

two coelenterate body forms:

A

polyp and medusa

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39
Q

planula

A

characteristic larva of most cnidarians

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40
Q

3 layers of tissue

A

epidermis
mesoglea
gastrodermis

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41
Q

siphonophores

A

hydrozoans that form drifting colonies of polyps

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42
Q

Hydrozoans

Order Anthomedusae

A

athecate - don’t have cups around polyps

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43
Q

scyphozoans

A

medusa dominant stage

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44
Q

bell

A

rounded body in scyphozoans

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45
Q

Class Scyphozoa

Order Rhizostomeae

A

Cassiopea xamacharia - upside down jellyfish
no tentacles
8 oral arms

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46
Q

gorgonians

A

Colonial Anthozoans (ex. sea fans) that secrete a tough, branching skeleton made partially of protein

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47
Q

precious corals

A

gorgonians with fused red/pink calcareous spicules + protein skeleton

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48
Q

black corals

A

secrete hard, black protein skeleton

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49
Q

Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Acroporidae

A

Acropora palmata - elkhorn coral

most branched or table-topped shaped

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50
Q

Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Mussidae

A

Mussa angulosa

large corallites

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51
Q

Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Meandrinidae

A

Dendrogyra cylindriculs - pillar coral

miniature, winding valleys between corallites

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52
Q

Coral reef competition

A

high competition for light and space
fast growing corals grow up and branch out
slow growing corals use septal filaments to digest corals next to them.

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53
Q

Segmented worms

A

phylum Annelida (annelids)

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54
Q

segments

A

similar compartments

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55
Q

segmentation

A

body has series of segments

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56
Q

coelom

A

body cavity

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57
Q

longitudinal muscles

A

lengthen and shorten segments

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58
Q

circular muscles

A

increase or reduce segments’ diameter

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59
Q

Class Polychaeta

A

parapodia - flattened extensions
setae - sharp bristles
closed circulatory system
each segment has pair excretory organs

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60
Q

Order Cnalipalpata

A

fan head worms

no jaws

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61
Q

radioles

A

feather like projections

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62
Q

pinnules

A

projections from radioles that are covered w/ cilia

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63
Q

Christmas tree worms

A

Spirobranchus giganteus
spiral gills
2 crowns composed of radioles

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64
Q

magnificent banded fan worm

A

Sabellastarte magnifica

grows on sand, gravel, and coral heads

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65
Q

mantle

A

thin layer of tissue that secretes shell

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66
Q

foot

A

muscle used in locomotion

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67
Q

radula

A

ribon of small teeth used for feeding

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68
Q

chitin

A

highly resistant carbohydrate that composes the radula

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69
Q

nudibranchs

A

sea slugs. Loss of shell

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70
Q

valves

A

different parts of the shell

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71
Q

umbo

A

upper hump near the hinge of each shell

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72
Q

mantle cavity

A

space between two halves of the mantle

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73
Q

adductor muscles

A

close the valves

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74
Q

siphons

A

draw water in and out of the mantle cavity

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75
Q

byssal threads

A

used by muscles to attach themselves to rocks and other surfaces

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76
Q

biofouling

A

undesirable accumulation of organisms that settle on bottoms of boats and other submerged structures

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77
Q

funnel

A

siphon in Cephalopods. muscular tube formed by remains of foot

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78
Q

ink sac

A

holds ink

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79
Q

pen

A

reduced shell in cephalopods

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80
Q

abiotic

A

non-living factors

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81
Q

biotic

A

living factors

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82
Q

physiological adaptions

A

non-genetic adaptions

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83
Q

evolutionary adaptions

A

genetic adaptions

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84
Q

exponential growth

A

unchecked population growth is exponential

85
Q

logistic growth

A

growth exhibited where population levels off when resources are maxed out

86
Q

carrying capacity

A

largest sustainable population size in an ecosystem

87
Q

limiting resource

A

restricts growth on population

88
Q

self-regulating

A

growth rate of population depends on its own numbers

89
Q

competition

A

interaction between organisms when a resource is in short supply and one organism uses a resource at the expense of another

90
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between members of same species

91
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between members of different species

92
Q

competitive exclusion

A

when one species eliminates another by outcompeting it

93
Q

resource partitioning

A

when two different species adapt to utilize the same resource in different ways to avoid competition

94
Q

echological niche

A

species’ special role in a community

95
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of life

96
Q

scyphozoans

A

medusa dominant stage

97
Q

bell

A

rounded body in scyphozoans

98
Q

Class Scyphozoa

Order Rhizostomeae

A

Cassiopea xamacharia - upside down jellyfish
no tentacles
8 oral arms

99
Q

gorgonians

A

Colonial Anthozoans (ex. sea fans) that secrete a tough, branching skeleton made partially of protein

100
Q

precious corals

A

gorgonians with fused red/pink calcareous spicules + protein skeleton

101
Q

black corals

A

secrete hard, black protein skeleton

102
Q

Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Acroporidae

A

Acropora palmata - elkhorn coral

most branched or table-topped shaped

103
Q

Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Mussidae

A

Mussa angulosa

large corallites

104
Q

Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Meandrinidae

A

Dendrogyra cylindriculs - pillar coral

miniature, winding valleys between corallites

105
Q

Coral reef competition

A

high competition for light and space
fast growing corals grow up and branch out
slow growing corals use septal filaments to digest corals next to them.

106
Q

Segmented worms

A

phylum Annelida (annelids)

107
Q

segments

A

similar compartments

108
Q

segmentation

A

body has series of segments

109
Q

coelom

A

body cavity

110
Q

longitudinal muscles

A

lengthen and shorten segments

111
Q

circular muscles

A

increase or reduce segments’ diameter

112
Q

Class Polychaeta

A

parapodia - flattened extensions
setae - sharp bristles
closed circulatory system
each segment has pair excretory organs

113
Q

Order Cnalipalpata

A

fan head worms

no jaws

114
Q

radioles

A

feather like projections

115
Q

pinnules

A

projections from radioles that are covered w/ cilia

116
Q

Christmas tree worms

A

Spirobranchus giganteus
spiral gills
2 crowns composed of radioles

117
Q

magnificent banded fan worm

A

Sabellastarte magnifica

grows on sand, gravel, and coral heads

118
Q

mantle

A

thin layer of tissue that secretes shell

119
Q

foot

A

muscle used in locomotion

120
Q

radula

A

ribon of small teeth used for feeding

121
Q

chitin

A

highly resistant carbohydrate that composes the radula

122
Q

nudibranchs

A

sea slugs. Loss of shell

123
Q

valves

A

different parts of the shell

124
Q

umbo

A

upper hump near the hinge of each shell

125
Q

mantle cavity

A

space between two halves of the mantle

126
Q

adductor muscles

A

close the valves

127
Q

siphons

A

draw water in and out of the mantle cavity

128
Q

byssal threads

A

used by muscles to attach themselves to rocks and other surfaces

129
Q

biofouling

A

undesirable accumulation of organisms that settle on bottoms of boats and other submerged structures

130
Q

funnel

A

siphon in Cephalopods. muscular tube formed by remains of foot

131
Q

ink sac

A

holds ink

132
Q

pen

A

reduced shell in cephalopods

133
Q

abiotic

A

non-living factors

134
Q

biotic

A

living factors

135
Q

physiological adaptions

A

non-genetic adaptions

136
Q

evolutionary adaptions

A

genetic adaptions

137
Q

exponential growth

A

unchecked population growth is exponential

138
Q

logistic growth

A

growth exhibited where population levels off when resources are maxed out

139
Q

carrying capacity

A

largest sustainable population size in an ecosystem

140
Q

limiting resource

A

restricts growth on population

141
Q

self-regulating

A

growth rate of population depends on its own numbers

142
Q

competition

A

interaction between organisms when a resource is in short supply and one organism uses a resource at the expense of another

143
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between members of same species

144
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between members of different species

145
Q

competitive exclusion

A

when one species eliminates another by outcompeting it

146
Q

resource partitioning

A

when two different species adapt to utilize the same resource in different ways to avoid competition

147
Q

echological niche

A

species’ special role in a community

148
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of life

149
Q

predation

A

one organism eating another

150
Q

carnivores

A

animals that eat other animals

151
Q

herbivory

A

animals preying on algae or plants

152
Q

trophic interactions

A

feeding

153
Q

indirect interactions

A

when the interactions between two species affect a third species

154
Q

trophic cascade

A

when the effect on one species flows through an ecosystem

155
Q

stabilizing selection

A

natural selection weeds out individuals that are too far from the optimal balance

156
Q

directional selection

A

selection drives evolution toward a new optimum

157
Q

inducible defenses

A

defense mechanisms that are only used in response to predators

158
Q

coevolution

A

species evolving in response to each other

159
Q

symbiosis

A

organisms living in close association
symbiont - smaller partner
host - larger partner

160
Q

commensal relationship

A

one species benefits w/o affecting the other

161
Q

parasitism

A

symbiont benefits at expense of host

162
Q

mutualism

A

both partners benefit from relationship

163
Q

cleaning associations

A

associations between cleaning fish and shrimp w/ larger fish

164
Q

facultative symbiosis

A

both partners can survive without each other

165
Q

obligate symbiosis

A

both partners depend on each other

166
Q

benthos

A

benthic organisms (live on bottom)

167
Q

pelagic organisms

A

live in water column

168
Q

plankton

A

swim weakly or not at all

169
Q

phytoplankton

A

planktonic autotrophs

170
Q

zooplankton

A

heterotrophic plankton

171
Q

nekton

A

swim well enough to oppose ocean currents

172
Q

intertidal zone

A

(littoral zone) area between high and low tide marks

173
Q

subtidal zone

A

(sublittoral zone) area of continental shelf below low tide

174
Q

deep sea floor

A

area past continental shelf

175
Q

neritic zone

A

pelagic environment over continental shelf

176
Q

oceanic zone

A

pelagic environment beyond shelf break

177
Q

epipelagic zone

A

has enough light for photosynthesis for at least part of the year

178
Q

mesopelagic zone

A

not enough light for photosynthesis, but enough light to see

179
Q

deep-sea environment

A

no sunlight

180
Q

autotrophs (primary producers)

A

get energy from non-living environment

181
Q

heterotrophs (consumers)

A

eat autotrophs

182
Q

food chain

A

transfers energy through ecosystem

183
Q

trophic level

A

each step in the food chain

184
Q

food web

A

food chain is really more like a web

185
Q

top predators

A

creatures at top of food chain

186
Q

pyramid of energy

A

represents energy flow through system

187
Q

pyramid of numbers

A

trophic pyramid representing energy and number of individuals at each trophic leve

188
Q

biomass

A

total weight of tissue

189
Q

pyramid of biomass

A

it is what it sounds like

190
Q

decomposers

A

break down non-living organic matter

191
Q

DOM

A

dissolved organic matter

192
Q

detritus

A

dead organic matter

193
Q

nutrient regeneration

A

decomposers make nutrients in detritus available to primary producers

194
Q

productivity

A

rate of primary production

195
Q

gross primary production

A

total amount of organic carbon manufactured by primary producers

196
Q

net primary production

A

organic matter left over after primary producers meet their own energy needs

197
Q

emersion

A

exposure to air

198
Q

immersion

A

submersion

199
Q

substrate

A

the bottom material

200
Q

subsiding

A

sinking

201
Q

epifauna

A

animals that live on surface of substrate

202
Q

spring tides

A

high tides

203
Q

desiccate

A

drying out

204
Q

tide pools

A

depressions in the rocks that hold seawater after the tide goes out

205
Q

operculum

A

stiff plate that fits the opening of shells in some gastropods

206
Q

refraction

A

bending of waves to become almost parallel to shore

207
Q

wave shock

A

impact of waves as they break

208
Q

vertical zonation

A

bands of different sets of organisms found in the intertidal zone

Marine Biology (2 decks)

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