Exam II Terms Flashcards
1
Q
flowering plants
A
division Magnoliophyta
2
Q
cordgrasses
A
true members of grass family. salt-tolerant land plants.
3
Q
detritus
A
dead, decomposing material on substrate
4
Q
halophyte
A
salt tolerant plant
5
Q
mangroves
A
trees and shrubs adapted to live along tropical and subtropical shores
6
Q
mangal
A
mangrove forest
7
Q
protozoans
A
animal-like protists
8
Q
foraminiferans
A
(phylum Granuloreticulosa) aka forams
9
Q
test
A
foram shell made of calcium carbonate
10
Q
pseudopodia
A
Protrudes through pores in test
11
Q
foraminiferan ooze
A
type of calcareous ooze
12
Q
radiolarians
A
phylum Polycystina
13
Q
radiolarian shells
A
silica
14
Q
radiolarian ooze
A
type of siliceous ooze
15
Q
zooxanthellae
A
dinoflagellates in corals and other cnidarians
16
Q
sponges
A
(phylum Porifera) no true tissues or organs
17
Q
sessile
A
attached to some surface
18
Q
ostia
A
pores for water entry
19
Q
osculum
A
large hole where water exits
20
Q
suspension feeder
A
eats food particles suspended in water
21
Q
filter feeders
A
suspension feeder that filters food particles
22
Q
deposit feeder
A
suspension feeder that eat detritus on bottom
23
Q
sponge cell types
A
pinacocytes - flat cells on surface
porocytes - pore like cells on surface
choanocytes (collar cells) - collect food particles
amebocytes - secrete spicules and spongin
24
Q
spicules
A
siliceous or calcareous
25
spongin
tough elastic fibers in skeleton
26
broadcast spawning
release of gametes into water
27
metamorphosis
drastic change from larva to adult
28
encrusting sponges
form thin growths on rocks and dead corals
29
glass sponges
have lace-like skeloton of fused siliceous spicules. deep-water.
30
boring sponges
bore thin channels through calcium carbonate
31
sclerosponges (coralline sponges)
have calcium carbonate skeleton beneath body of sponge.
32
Class Demospongiae
Clinona langae - brown encrusting sponge
Callyspongia vaginalis - gray tube sponge
Tedania ignes - fire sponge
Spheciospongia vesparium - loggerhead sponge
33
sponge ecology
can use particles too small for any other filter feeders
| well suited to low food reef environment
34
picoplankton
particles smaller than bacteria. cyanobacteria and very tiny Eukaryotes
35
Coelenterates
Cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria)
36
nematocysts (cnidae)
stinging structures
37
cnidocytes
cells with nematocysts
38
two coelenterate body forms:
polyp and medusa
39
planula
characteristic larva of most cnidarians
40
3 layers of tissue
epidermis
mesoglea
gastrodermis
41
siphonophores
hydrozoans that form drifting colonies of polyps
42
Hydrozoans
| Order Anthomedusae
athecate - don’t have cups around polyps
43
scyphozoans
medusa dominant stage
44
bell
rounded body in scyphozoans
45
Class Scyphozoa
| Order Rhizostomeae
Cassiopea xamacharia - upside down jellyfish
no tentacles
8 oral arms
46
gorgonians
Colonial Anthozoans (ex. sea fans) that secrete a tough, branching skeleton made partially of protein
47
precious corals
gorgonians with fused red/pink calcareous spicules + protein skeleton
48
black corals
secrete hard, black protein skeleton
49
Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Acroporidae
Acropora palmata - elkhorn coral
| most branched or table-topped shaped
50
Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Mussidae
Mussa angulosa
| large corallites
51
Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Meandrinidae
Dendrogyra cylindriculs - pillar coral
| miniature, winding valleys between corallites
52
Coral reef competition
high competition for light and space
fast growing corals grow up and branch out
slow growing corals use septal filaments to digest corals next to them.
53
Segmented worms
phylum Annelida (annelids)
54
segments
similar compartments
55
segmentation
body has series of segments
56
coelom
body cavity
57
longitudinal muscles
lengthen and shorten segments
58
circular muscles
increase or reduce segments' diameter
59
Class Polychaeta
parapodia - flattened extensions
setae - sharp bristles
closed circulatory system
each segment has pair excretory organs
60
Order Cnalipalpata
fan head worms
| no jaws
61
radioles
feather like projections
62
pinnules
projections from radioles that are covered w/ cilia
63
Christmas tree worms
Spirobranchus giganteus
spiral gills
2 crowns composed of radioles
64
magnificent banded fan worm
Sabellastarte magnifica
| grows on sand, gravel, and coral heads
65
mantle
thin layer of tissue that secretes shell
66
foot
muscle used in locomotion
67
radula
ribon of small teeth used for feeding
68
chitin
highly resistant carbohydrate that composes the radula
69
nudibranchs
sea slugs. Loss of shell
70
valves
different parts of the shell
71
umbo
upper hump near the hinge of each shell
72
mantle cavity
space between two halves of the mantle
73
adductor muscles
close the valves
74
siphons
draw water in and out of the mantle cavity
75
byssal threads
used by muscles to attach themselves to rocks and other surfaces
76
biofouling
undesirable accumulation of organisms that settle on bottoms of boats and other submerged structures
77
funnel
siphon in Cephalopods. muscular tube formed by remains of foot
78
ink sac
holds ink
79
pen
reduced shell in cephalopods
80
abiotic
non-living factors
81
biotic
living factors
82
physiological adaptions
non-genetic adaptions
83
evolutionary adaptions
genetic adaptions
84
exponential growth
unchecked population growth is exponential
85
logistic growth
growth exhibited where population levels off when resources are maxed out
86
carrying capacity
largest sustainable population size in an ecosystem
87
limiting resource
restricts growth on population
88
self-regulating
growth rate of population depends on its own numbers
89
competition
interaction between organisms when a resource is in short supply and one organism uses a resource at the expense of another
90
intraspecific competition
competition between members of same species
91
interspecific competition
competition between members of different species
92
competitive exclusion
when one species eliminates another by outcompeting it
93
resource partitioning
when two different species adapt to utilize the same resource in different ways to avoid competition
94
echological niche
species' special role in a community
95
biodiversity
variety of life
96
scyphozoans
medusa dominant stage
97
bell
rounded body in scyphozoans
98
Class Scyphozoa
| Order Rhizostomeae
Cassiopea xamacharia - upside down jellyfish
no tentacles
8 oral arms
99
gorgonians
Colonial Anthozoans (ex. sea fans) that secrete a tough, branching skeleton made partially of protein
100
precious corals
gorgonians with fused red/pink calcareous spicules + protein skeleton
101
black corals
secrete hard, black protein skeleton
102
Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Acroporidae
Acropora palmata - elkhorn coral
| most branched or table-topped shaped
103
Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Mussidae
Mussa angulosa
| large corallites
104
Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Sclerentia
Family Meandrinidae
Dendrogyra cylindriculs - pillar coral
| miniature, winding valleys between corallites
105
Coral reef competition
high competition for light and space
fast growing corals grow up and branch out
slow growing corals use septal filaments to digest corals next to them.
106
Segmented worms
phylum Annelida (annelids)
107
segments
similar compartments
108
segmentation
body has series of segments
109
coelom
body cavity
110
longitudinal muscles
lengthen and shorten segments
111
circular muscles
increase or reduce segments' diameter
112
Class Polychaeta
parapodia - flattened extensions
setae - sharp bristles
closed circulatory system
each segment has pair excretory organs
113
Order Cnalipalpata
fan head worms
| no jaws
114
radioles
feather like projections
115
pinnules
projections from radioles that are covered w/ cilia
116
Christmas tree worms
Spirobranchus giganteus
spiral gills
2 crowns composed of radioles
117
magnificent banded fan worm
Sabellastarte magnifica
| grows on sand, gravel, and coral heads
118
mantle
thin layer of tissue that secretes shell
119
foot
muscle used in locomotion
120
radula
ribon of small teeth used for feeding
121
chitin
highly resistant carbohydrate that composes the radula
122
nudibranchs
sea slugs. Loss of shell
123
valves
different parts of the shell
124
umbo
upper hump near the hinge of each shell
125
mantle cavity
space between two halves of the mantle
126
adductor muscles
close the valves
127
siphons
draw water in and out of the mantle cavity
128
byssal threads
used by muscles to attach themselves to rocks and other surfaces
129
biofouling
undesirable accumulation of organisms that settle on bottoms of boats and other submerged structures
130
funnel
siphon in Cephalopods. muscular tube formed by remains of foot
131
ink sac
holds ink
132
pen
reduced shell in cephalopods
133
abiotic
non-living factors
134
biotic
living factors
135
physiological adaptions
non-genetic adaptions
136
evolutionary adaptions
genetic adaptions
137
exponential growth
unchecked population growth is exponential
138
logistic growth
growth exhibited where population levels off when resources are maxed out
139
carrying capacity
largest sustainable population size in an ecosystem
140
limiting resource
restricts growth on population
141
self-regulating
growth rate of population depends on its own numbers
142
competition
interaction between organisms when a resource is in short supply and one organism uses a resource at the expense of another
143
intraspecific competition
competition between members of same species
144
interspecific competition
competition between members of different species
145
competitive exclusion
when one species eliminates another by outcompeting it
146
resource partitioning
when two different species adapt to utilize the same resource in different ways to avoid competition
147
echological niche
species' special role in a community
148
biodiversity
variety of life
149
predation
one organism eating another
150
carnivores
animals that eat other animals
151
herbivory
animals preying on algae or plants
152
trophic interactions
feeding
153
indirect interactions
when the interactions between two species affect a third species
154
trophic cascade
when the effect on one species flows through an ecosystem
155
stabilizing selection
natural selection weeds out individuals that are too far from the optimal balance
156
directional selection
selection drives evolution toward a new optimum
157
inducible defenses
defense mechanisms that are only used in response to predators
158
coevolution
species evolving in response to each other
159
symbiosis
organisms living in close association
symbiont - smaller partner
host - larger partner
160
commensal relationship
one species benefits w/o affecting the other
161
parasitism
symbiont benefits at expense of host
162
mutualism
both partners benefit from relationship
163
cleaning associations
associations between cleaning fish and shrimp w/ larger fish
164
facultative symbiosis
both partners can survive without each other
165
obligate symbiosis
both partners depend on each other
166
benthos
benthic organisms (live on bottom)
167
pelagic organisms
live in water column
168
plankton
swim weakly or not at all
169
phytoplankton
planktonic autotrophs
170
zooplankton
heterotrophic plankton
171
nekton
swim well enough to oppose ocean currents
172
intertidal zone
(littoral zone) area between high and low tide marks
173
subtidal zone
(sublittoral zone) area of continental shelf below low tide
174
deep sea floor
area past continental shelf
175
neritic zone
pelagic environment over continental shelf
176
oceanic zone
pelagic environment beyond shelf break
177
epipelagic zone
has enough light for photosynthesis for at least part of the year
178
mesopelagic zone
not enough light for photosynthesis, but enough light to see
179
deep-sea environment
no sunlight
180
autotrophs (primary producers)
get energy from non-living environment
181
heterotrophs (consumers)
eat autotrophs
182
food chain
transfers energy through ecosystem
183
trophic level
each step in the food chain
184
food web
food chain is really more like a web
185
top predators
creatures at top of food chain
186
pyramid of energy
represents energy flow through system
187
pyramid of numbers
trophic pyramid representing energy and number of individuals at each trophic leve
188
biomass
total weight of tissue
189
pyramid of biomass
it is what it sounds like
190
decomposers
break down non-living organic matter
191
DOM
dissolved organic matter
192
detritus
dead organic matter
193
nutrient regeneration
decomposers make nutrients in detritus available to primary producers
194
productivity
rate of primary production
195
gross primary production
total amount of organic carbon manufactured by primary producers
196
net primary production
organic matter left over after primary producers meet their own energy needs
197
emersion
exposure to air
198
immersion
submersion
199
substrate
the bottom material
200
subsiding
sinking
201
epifauna
animals that live on surface of substrate
202
spring tides
high tides
203
desiccate
drying out
204
tide pools
depressions in the rocks that hold seawater after the tide goes out
205
operculum
stiff plate that fits the opening of shells in some gastropods
206
refraction
bending of waves to become almost parallel to shore
207
wave shock
impact of waves as they break
208
vertical zonation
bands of different sets of organisms found in the intertidal zone
