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Marine Biology > Exam 1 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 1 Terms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sonar

A

SOund NAvagation Ranging

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2
Q

SCUBA

A

Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

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3
Q

Ocean sizes (largest to smallest)

A

Pacific > Atlantic > Indian > Arctic

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4
Q

Main component of continental crust

A

granite

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5
Q

main component of oceanic crust

A

basalt

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6
Q

continental drift

A

hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener that continents had once been joined together in a supercontinent (Pangea)

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7
Q

plate tectonics

A

movement of tectonic plates on Earth’s surface

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8
Q

mid-ocean ridge system

A

continuous chain of submarine volcanic mountains that encircles the globe

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9
Q

faults

A

cracks in the earth’s crust

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10
Q

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

A

runs down center of atlantic ocean

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11
Q

East Pacific Rise

A

continuation of Mid-Atlantic Ridge in pacific ocean

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12
Q

trenches

A

deep depressions in the sea floor

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13
Q

sediment

A

loose material like sand and mud on bottom

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14
Q

magnetic anomalies

A

bands of rock on ocean floor alternating between normal and reversed magnetization

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15
Q

rift

A

crack created in earth’s crust by separating plates

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16
Q

sea-floor spreading

A

entire process by which the sea floor moves away from the mid-ocean ridges to create new sea floor

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17
Q

lithosphere

A

crust + uppermost layer of mantle. Forms tectonic plates

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18
Q

asthenosphere

A

plastic, upper part of the mantle which the tectonic plates float on.

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19
Q

subduction

A

downward movement of a plate into the mantle

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20
Q

subduction zone

A

trenches where subduction is happening

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21
Q

island arcs

A

volcanic island chains associated with trenches that follow the trenches’ curvature

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22
Q

shear boundry

A

fault line where plates slide past each other

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23
Q

continental margins

A

consist of gently sloping continental shelf, steeper continental slope, and gently sloping region called the continental rise

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24
Q

submarine canyons

A

formed by rivers and glaciers and then later submerged with rising sea level

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25
Q

shelf break

A

point where the slope gets abruptly steeper and the continental shelf ends

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26
Q

continental slope

A

begins at shelf break and descends down to deep-sea floor. Closest thing to exact edge of continent

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27
Q

deep-sea fan

A

accumulated sediment at the base of a submarine canyon. Forms continental rise

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28
Q

active margin

A

continental margin with lots of geological activity

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29
Q

passive margin

A

continental margin with little geological activity

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30
Q

abyssal plane

A

deep-sea floor

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31
Q

abyssal hills

A

hills on the sea floor

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32
Q

seamounts

A

submarine volcanoes

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33
Q

guyots

A

flattopped seamounts

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34
Q

chemical weathering

A

one source of many substances dissolved in seawater

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35
Q

hydrothermal vents

A

another source for chemicals dissolved in seawater

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36
Q

solutes

A

dissolved materials

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37
Q

salinity

A

total amount of salt dissolved in seawater

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38
Q

practical salinity units (psu)

A

expression used by oceanographers for salinity determined by conductivity measurements. Equivalent to ppt.

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39
Q

rule of constant proportions

A

percentage of major ions in seawater is always the same, even when salinity changes

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40
Q

temperature profile

A

graph showing temperature at different depths

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41
Q

water column

A

vertical shaft of water extending down from the surface

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42
Q

CTDs

A

Conductivity-Temperature-Depth meters

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43
Q

Most important gases in the ocean

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen.

44
Q

gas exchange

A

occurs between ocean and atmosphere

45
Q

Coriolis effect

A

causes bending in trajectories due to Earth’s rotation

46
Q

trade winds

A

steadiest winds on earth. Approach equator at 45 degrees.

47
Q

westerlies

A

winds at middle latitudes. Move in opposite direction of trade winds.

48
Q

polar easterlies

A

high latitude winds. Most variable of all winds.

49
Q

Eckman spiral

A

spiral pattern produced through water column by winds.

50
Q

Eckman layer

A

upper part of the water column that is affected by wind

51
Q

Eckman transport

A

Eckman layer moves at 90 degrees to wind direction.

52
Q

equatorial currents

A

move parallel to equator

53
Q

gyres

A

huge, circular surface current systems

54
Q

stratified

A

layered. Densest water on bottom. Least dense water on surface

55
Q

surface layer

A

usually 100 - 200m. Aka mixed layer. Mixed by wind, waves, and currents.

56
Q

thermoclines

A

sudden changes in temperature over small depth intervals

57
Q

intermediate layer

A

typically 1000-1500m.

58
Q

main thermocline

A

transition zone between warm surface water and cold water. In intermediate layer

59
Q

deep and bottom layers

A

below 1500m. Typically less than 4°C

60
Q

stability of water column

A

stable water column has higher density differences between different layers. Thus, more energy is required for mixing.

61
Q

downwelling

A

sinking of surface water

62
Q

overturn

A

mixing of deeper water with sinking surface water

63
Q

water mass

A

an imaginary block of water

64
Q

circulation

A

movement

65
Q

thermohaline circulation

A

type of circulation in the ocean. Dependent on temperature and salinity (both of which control density)

66
Q

the great ocean conveyor

A

pattern of global thermohaline circulation. (~4000 year cycle)

67
Q

period

A

time it takes a wave to go by a given point.

68
Q

fetch

A

span of open water over which wind blows

69
Q

seas (waves)

A

waves that have sharp peaks and stretched out troughs

70
Q

swells

A

waves with smoothly rounded crests and troughs

71
Q

surf

A

created by breaking of waves

72
Q

wave cancellation

A

caused by negative interference

73
Q

wave reinforcement

A

caused by positive interference

74
Q

tides

A

waves with huge periods caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon.

75
Q

tidal range

A

difference in water level between high tide and low tide

76
Q

spring tides

A

happen on full and new moons. Largest tidal range

77
Q

neap tides

A

happen during the first and third quarter of the moon. Smallest tidal range

78
Q

semidiurnal tides

A

2 high tides and 2 low tides per day

79
Q

mixed semidiurnal tide

A

has successive high tides of different heights.

80
Q

Diurnal tides

A

only one high tide and one low tide per day.

81
Q

tide tables

A

predict time and height of high and low tides for different places around the world

82
Q

domoic acid

A

potent toxin produced by some diatoms

83
Q

auxospore

A

resistant stage of diatom created by fusion of gametes. Eventually give rise to larger cells with frustules.

84
Q

blooms

A

periods of rapid algal production

85
Q

biogenous sediments

A

sediments made from biological material

86
Q

diatomaceous ooze

A

made from frustules of diatoms

87
Q

siliceous ooze

A

made from silica

88
Q

diatomaceous earth

A

made from frustules of diatoms

89
Q

zooxanthellae

A

symbiotic dinoflagellates that live in a wide variety of animals including sponges, sea anemones, giant clams, and corals.

90
Q

thallus

A

name for the entire body of a seaweed

91
Q

blades

A

“leaves” of seaweed

92
Q

stipe

A

“stem” of seaweed

93
Q

pneumatocyst

A

air bladder to raise blades closer to surface

94
Q

holdfast

A

“roots” of seaweed

95
Q

fucoxanthin

A

yellow-brown pigment characteristic of brown algae.

96
Q

kelps

A

largest and most complex of all brown algae

97
Q

phycobilins

A

red pigments in red algae that mask chlorophyll

98
Q

coralline algae

A

red algae that deposite calcium carbonate in their cell walls

99
Q

calcareous green alga

A

have calcium carbonate deposits in their segments.

100
Q

alternation of generations

A

alternation between a haploid and diploid generation. Isomorphic when they look the same. Polymorphic when they look different.

101
Q

halophytes

A

salt-tolerant plants

102
Q

seagrasses

A

Closest relatives are lilies. Fully adapted to marine life

103
Q

Cordgrasses

A

true members of grass family. Live in salt marshes and other soft-bottom coastal areas.

104
Q

mangroves

A

trees and shrubs adapted to live along tropical and subtropical shores around the world.

105
Q

mangals

A

mangrove forests

Marine Biology (2 decks)

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