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BI-122: Foundations Of Organismal Biology > Exam II Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam II Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Bryophytes

A

Bryophytes — “Non-Vascular Plants”
‣ No bulk flow system
• Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
• Bryo: Moss
• Phyte: Plant

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2
Q

Vascular Plants
◦ Actually have “Bulk flow” = Vascular System

A
  1. Lycophytes (Club mosses)
    A. “Wolf” Plant
    B. No seeds
  2. Ferns and Horsetails
    A. No Seeds for Reproduction
  3. Gymnosperms (“Naked Seed”).
    A. “Needle Like Leaves”
    a. Except for the Ginkophyte
    B. Have Cones instead of flowers
  4. Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
    A. “Vessel Seed” —> Seeds are in ovary of flowers
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3
Q

Desiccation:

A

Desiccation: Desiccation refers to the state, the act, or the process of removing or extracting water content thoroughly resulting in extreme dryness.

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4
Q

• Roots:

A

• Roots: Parts of the plant that is underground
◦ Used for Structural support, gathering water and nutrients from soil
‣ Sometimes prop roots settle on the surface to give the plant additional balance.

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5
Q

• Shoots:

A

• Shoots:
◦ Stems
◦ Leaves
◦ Reproductive Organs

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6
Q

Leaves:

A

Leaves:
‣ Cuticle: Waxy covering of epidermis
‣ Epidermis (Upper and Lower)
‣ Mesophyll: Columnar and Spongey
‣ Veins (Vascular Structure) —> Vascular tissues
• Xylem (Larger): Carries around water
• Phloem (Smaller): Carries around Nutrients

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7
Q

‣ Stomata & Guard Cells

A

‣ Stomata & Guard Cells
• Guard Cells control what gasses can come into the leaf

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8
Q

Guard Cells rely on a “solute” concentration to determine wether or not they are opening/closing.
◦

A

Guard Cells rely on a “solute” concentration to determine wether or not they are opening/closing.
◦ Solute: Something that is dissolved in water
‣ Largely use &
‣ This is “active transport” which requires the use of ATP

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9
Q

◦ Process of Osmosis:

A

◦ Process of Osmosis: Movement of Water across a semi-permeable membrane.
‣ Will want to move from high pressure to low pressure/concentrations.

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10
Q

Abscisic Acid (Hormone that tells the guard cells to pump out K and Cl so that they close rapidly).
•What is the definition of a Hormone:

A

Abscisic Acid (Hormone that tells the guard cells to pump out K and Cl so that they close rapidly).
• Hormone: Molecular signal that changes the physiology of target cells.

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11
Q

Homeostasis:

A

Homeostasis: Maintaining a constant internal environment.
◦ Claude Bernard

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12
Q

CAM Photosynthesis:

A

CAM Photosynthesis: Have Stomata Open During the Night, and closed during the day.
◦ Stores CO2 during the night, and uses it in photosynthesis during the day inside the plant, even though the stomata are closed
• Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

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13
Q
  1. Light Dependent Reaction:
A
  1. Light Dependent Reaction:A. Sun energy is used to strip away electrons from Water — giving us Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

Water —-> Oxygen + ATP + NADPH

	a. ATP and NADPH cannot be stored, because they are volatile
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14
Q

Calvin-Cycle: Citric Acid Cycle

A

Calvin-Cycle: Citric Acid Cycle
A. Takes CO2 and uses ATP/NADPH to make Sugars

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15
Q

RuBP = Ribulose 1-5 biphosphate
3PGA = 3-Phosphoglycerate
Rubisco = Ribulose Biphosphate Carboxylase

A

RuBP = Ribulose 1-5 biphosphate
3PGA = 3-Phosphoglycerate
Rubisco = Ribulose Biphosphate Carboxylase

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16
Q

PEP (3 Carbon) + CO2 (1 carbon) ——> Pep Carboxylase Catalyst ——-> 4 Carbon Organic Acid

4C plants this occurs in?

A

PEP (3 Carbon) + CO2 (1 carbon) ——> Pep Carboxylase Catalyst ——-> 4 Carbon Organic Acid

In 4C plants, this reaction occurs in the mesophyll cell, then the spare carbon is pushed into the bundle sheath cell.

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17
Q

Photo Respiration:

A

RuBP (5 Carbon) + O2 (0 carbon) ——> Rubisco Catalyst ——> 1 PGA (3 Carbon Molecule) + 1 Glycolate (2 carbon molecule).

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18
Q

Xylem:

A

Xylem: Transports water and Nutrients from the roots to the shoots

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19
Q

Phloem:

A

Phloem: Transports Carbohydrates and Sugars around the plant “From source to Sink”

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20
Q

Cotyledon:

A

Cotyledon: Seed Leaf

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21
Q

What is the Name of the Vascular Bundle in these different Organisms?

Dicots:

Monocots:

A

Dicots: Vascular Bundle

Monocots: Atactosteele.

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22
Q

Xylem:
What is the 1st wall made from?
What is the second wall made from?

 What do pits allow inside of the vessels, what does it prevent from entering?
A

Xylem:
1st Cell wall is made out of Cellulose
2nd Cell Wall, which is made out of Lignin
◦ Pits: Openings that allow water into the Cell Wall, but prevents air from entering

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23
Q

2 Main Types of Xylem

T_________ + V________ E______

A

2 Main Types of Xylem

  1. Tracheids:
    A. Very long, and very thin
    B. Cell is already dead.
  2. Vessel Elements (500 Microns Wide).
    A. Transports water much faster
    B. Thicker, Shorter, and Fatter —- but they have a tendency to hook onto other vessel elements around them.
    C. Lack an end wall
    a. Creates a vessel — which is composed of many different vessel elements.
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24
Q

Transpiration:

A

Transpiration: The Loss of Water Vapor From leaves
• The movement of water, through Xylem — all the way out through the stomata.

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25
Q

Phloem:

A

Phloem:
‣ Transports Phloem Sap
• Largely filled with Sucrose, and other nutrients

26
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of Phloem Sap from a Source into the “Sink” through the Phloem

27
Q

Transpiration

A

Movement of Water from the Roots up through the shoots - and out the Stoma of the leaves .

28
Q

Parenchyma

A

Thin Walled, Unspecialized cells

29
Q

How does the Phloem Flow?

A

Phloem flows from: “The Source, to the Sink”

30
Q

Rhizosphere:

A

Rhizosphere: Community of Bacteria and Fungi that lives in the soil. They have a symbiotic relationship with plants.

31
Q

Casparian Strip:

A

◦ Casparian Strip - Layer of Hydrophobic Material (in the endodermis) that prevents selected molecules from entering, instead it forces materials to go through the Endo-membrane

32
Q

Stele:

A

Stele = Vascular Tissue (Phloem and Xylem)

33
Q

• Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic Relationship between a plant and a fungus

‣Explain the Difference of the two following types:

◦ Ectomycorrhizae
◦ Endomycorrhizae:
A

• Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic Relationship between a plant and a fungus

◦ Ectomycorrhizae
	‣ Fungal strands extend outwards from the root. They don’t penetrate into the root cells, Carbon and nutrients are exchanged through the plasma membrane.

◦ Endomycorrhizae:
	‣ Forms Arbuscules within the Cell -which are essentially spots with really high diffusion and exchange within the Root Cortex.
	‣ Fungal cells penetrate inside of the root cells, enhancing exchange of nutrients and carbon
34
Q

Nodes

A

Area on a stem where leaf buds are located

35
Q

Internode

A

Space between Nodes

36
Q

Meristem:

A

Meristem: Composed of “Totipotent” cells that can specialize into any purpose.

37
Q

At the top of each branch, the ___ covers the meristem, offering it protection

A

Answer: Leaf Primordia

38
Q

Flower Development:

A

Flower Development:
A Hormone (Florigen) specializes the leaf meristem and turns it into a “floral” Meristem.
After it’s transformed into a floral meristem, the flowers can start to grow from it.

39
Q

◦ What does Florigen do?

A

◦ Florigen = Hormone that tells a leaf meristem to specialize and grow into floral meristems.

40
Q

Homeotic Genes in flowers: A, B, and C.

What purpose do these 3 genes have?

A

Homeotic Genes in flowers: A, B, and C.
• Tells which cells to express which genes, so that they can develop into a specified part of the flower.
• Controlls differentiation

41
Q

• Hormone:

A

• Hormone: Chemical signal that influences the Physiology and Development of a target cell.

42
Q

Example #1: Auxin & Shoot Development:

A

Example #1: Auxin & Shoot Development:

• Auxin guides Vascular Differentiation so that the newly developing shoots become precursor to vascular tissue (procambium).
• Moves through Polar Transport. ‘
◦ Auxin can flow through the PIN Transport proteins, which are only on the Basal side of the cell. So the Auxin must flow from top to bottom - no other way.
‣ Polar Integral Network
• Cell Wall Extensibility: Tells the cells to get long & Thin = Pro-cambium Cells, which are precursors for Xylem and Phloem.

43
Q

Example #2: Gibberelic Acid & Dwarf Plants.

A

Example #2: Gibberelic Acid & Dwarf Plants.
• Length of the stem is controlled by Gibberelic Acid.
• High Giberellic Acid = Large internode space, taller plants.
• Little Giberellic Acid = little internode space, shorter plants.

44
Q

Example #3: Branching —> Auxin & Cytokinins

A

Example #3: Branching —> Auxin & Cytokinins
Apical meristem produces Auxin, which suppresses the growth of the Axillary buds. However, if the apical bud is removed — the axillary buds will start to bloom.
• Apical Dominance: Apical Meristem is dominant to the Axillary buds.
◦ Auxin is the hormone that suppresses the growth of axillary buds.

Cytokinins: Hormones that cause auxiliary buds to start growing, increasing rate of cell division.

45
Q

Auxins:

A

Auxins: Hormone produced by Apical Meristem that inhibits the production of Cytokinins, thus suppressing the growth of Axillary buds.

46
Q

Cytokinins:

A

Cytokinins: Hormones that cause auxiliary buds to start growing, increasing rate of cell division.

47
Q

Example #4: Ethylene

A

Example #4: Ethylene
• Has an affect on fruit ripening. Helps the fruit to ripen.
◦ If you were to pump Ethylene onto unrippened fruits in a sealed space, they would ripen very quickly

48
Q

Primary Growth Vs Secondary Growth

A

Primary Growth: Growing Taller
• Controlled by Apical Meristem

Secondary Growth: Increase in the Diameter of the plant (girth, width).
• Woody Vs Herbaceous Plants

49
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

‣ Vascular Cambium: Makes Xylem and Phloem (Vascular Tissue).

50
Q

Growth Rings

A

Growth Rings:
• Dendrochronology: Profession that looks at tree rings to determine how old they are.
◦ Distance between rings tells you how much the tree was able to grow that year.

51
Q

Cork Cambium:

A

Cork Cambium: Produces (cork) a protective layer, outside of the plant.

52
Q

Cork Produces Suberin:

A

Cork Produces Suberin: Which is a waxy material that is produced in cork cells that are stacked together like sand bags outside.

53
Q

◦ Heartwood:

A

◦ Heartwood: Old Xylem will be filled with resin is called “heartwood”

54
Q

Sapwood:

A

Sapwood is Xylem that is still being used for water transport

55
Q

Plasmogomy:

A

Plasmogomy: Fusion of cytoplasms of fungi

56
Q

Heterokaryotic:

A

Heterokaryotic: Unfused Nuclei from different parents

57
Q

Karyogomy:

A

Karyogomy: Fusion of Nuclei in Heterokaryotic orgnamism

58
Q

Glial cells (Helper cells):

A

Glial cells (Helper cells): Astrocytes, Schwann cells, olgiodendrocytes.

59
Q

Pericycle function:

A

pericycle function: In roots, the pericycle is a unique tissue that it’s initiates the development of lateral roots

60
Q

Animals:

A

Animals: Complex multicellular organisms that are heterotrophs.
• They are capable of moving.
• Animals lack a cell wall.
• Animals are capable of forming specialized tissues

61
Q

Osmotic Pump:

A

Osmotic Pump: Maintains Turgor Pressure in a plant through semi-permeable membrane

BI-122: Foundations Of Organismal Biology (2 decks)

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