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Sociology 1301 > Exam II Review > Flashcards

Exam II Review Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Human Society?

A

Human society is a system of social interaction that includes both culture and social organization.

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2
Q

What is Social Interaction?

A

Within society, social interaction is behavior between two or more people that is given meaning by them.

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3
Q

What did Emile Durkheim say about Society?

A

“Society as Sui Generis”- “Society is greater than the sum of its parts.”

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4
Q

What is the meaning of Durkheim’s phrase about society?

A

The sociological idea that “society is more than the sum of individuals,” means that society takes on a life of its own.

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5
Q

How do sociologists look at society?

A

Macro and Micro Perspective.

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6
Q

What is Macroanalysis?

A

A sociological approach that takes the broadest view, “the whole of society,” by studying large patterns of social interaction that are vast, complex, and highly differentiated.

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7
Q

What is Microanalysis?

A

Is the study of smaller, less complex, and less differentiated interactions.

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8
Q

What is Social Organization?

A

Sociologists use the term, “social organization” to describe the order established in social groups at any level. - brings regularity and predictability to human behavior.

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9
Q

What is a Social Institution?

A

A social institution is an established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose.

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10
Q

How are social institutions examined?

A

From both a macro and micro level of analysis. “Marco perspective allows the examination of the functions of the organization/system for the society.”

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11
Q

What are the five functions of social institutions?

A
  1. Socialization of new members.
  2. Production and distribution of goods and services.
  3. Replacement of society’s members.
  4. Maintenance of stability and existence.
  5. Providing members a sense of purpose.
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12
Q

What are Social Structures?

A

Social structures are the organized patterns of social relationships and social institutions that together comprise society.

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13
Q

What does Structural Analysis look at?

A

looks at patterns in social life that reflect and produce social behavior.

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14
Q

What do Different Social Classes mean?

A

Different social classes, racial/ethnic groups and women have different access to opportunities.

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15
Q

What holds Society Together?

A

Emile Durkheim discussed two types of societies based on solidarity.

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16
Q

What are Durkheim’s two types of societies based on solidarity?

A

Mechanical Solidarity and Organic Solidarity.

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17
Q

What is Mechanical Solidarity?

A

Members play similar roles within the society, share same values, and hold the same things sacred.

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18
Q

What is Organic Solidarity?

A

People have many different roles and roles are highly differentiated.

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19
Q

What is Division of Labor in organic solidarity?

A

The relatedness of different tasks that develop within society.

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20
Q

What did Ferdinand Tonnies say?

A

“forms of solidarity.”

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21
Q

How did Ferdinand Tonnies characterize societies?

A

He characterized them into the “Gemeinschaft” or “Gesellschaft.”

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22
Q

What are Tonnies “Gemeinschaft”?

A

Communities that have, “we” feeling, strong, family relationships, and simple social institutions.

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23
Q

What are Tonnies “Gesellschaft”?

A

Societies with fewer personal ties. These societies have elaborated division of labor.

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24
Q

What are the three types of societies?

A
  1. Preindustrial societies.
  2. Industrial societies.
  3. Postindustrial societies.
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25
Q

What are the four types of preindustrial societies?

A
  1. Foraging Societies.
  2. Pastoral Societies.
  3. Horticultural Societies.
  4. Agricultural Societies.
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26
Q

What are characteristics of Foraging (hunting and gathering) societies?

A
  • few modern examples.
  • little technological advancement.
  • Nomadic
  • Egalitarian
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27
Q

What are the characteristics of Pastoral societies?

A
  • Domestic animals (cow, sheep, goat, horse, camel)
  • Arid climate
  • Nomadic
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28
Q

What are the characteristics of Horticultural societies?

A
  • small scale farming
  • simple tools
  • chiefdoms
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29
Q

What are the characteristics of Agricultural societies?

A
  • Plow and Draft animal
  • Large scale farming
  • Cereal Grains
  • Stratification
  • Urbanism
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30
Q

What countries use mostly agriculture as GDP?

A
  • Liberia 76%

- Somalia 60%

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31
Q

What are industrial societies?

A

Use machines and other advanced technologies to produce and distribute goods and services.

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32
Q

What are the three characteristics of Industrial societies?

A
  1. Rely on highly differentiated labor and intensive use of capital/technology.
  2. Have large formal organizations, such as bureaucracies, which hold society together.
  3. These bureaucracies take care of the economy, work, the government, and politics.
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33
Q

What two characteristics define Postindustrial societies?

A
  1. Dependent on production/distribution of services, information, and knowledge.
  2. Information-based, and technology plays key role in social organization.
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34
Q

What are the three characteristics that sociologists use to define a “group”?

A
  1. Interact and communicate with each other.
  2. Share goals and norms.
  3. Have a subjective awareness of themselves as a distinct social unit.
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35
Q

What is a “Status”?

A

Status is an established position in a social structure that carries a degree of social rank or value.

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36
Q

What are the four types of Status?

A
  1. Status set.
  2. Achieved Status.
  3. Ascribed Status.
  4. Master Status.
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37
Q

What is a status set?

A

Set of Statuses occupied by a person.

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38
Q

What is an achieved status?

A

The result of individual effort.

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39
Q

What is an ascribed status?

A

Given at birth.

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40
Q

What is a master status?

A

The person’s dominant status.

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41
Q

What is status inconsistency?

A

Mismatch of statuses.

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42
Q

What is a role?

A

Expected behavior associated with a particular status.

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43
Q

What is Role Modeling?

A

Is imitating or copying the way someone else in that role behaves.

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44
Q

What are Role Sets?

A

Are all the roles occupied by the person at a given time.

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45
Q

What is Role Conflict?

A

When two or more roles impose conflicting expectations.

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46
Q

What is Role Strain?

A

Is conflicting expectations within a single role.

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47
Q

True or False: The meaning assigned to any behavior, speech, or action varies from culture to culture.

A

TRUE

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48
Q

True or False: An action that is positive in one culture can be negative in another.

A

TRUE.

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49
Q

What is Verbal Communication?

A

Is not just what you say, but also how and to whom you say it.

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50
Q

How is language restricted?

A

Language is restricted by societal values and tradition.

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51
Q

How often is nonverbal communication used?

A

Used more often than verbal behavior.

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52
Q

What are examples of nonverbal communication?

A

Body position, head nods, eye contact, facial expressions, touching, and so on.

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53
Q

What is Romantic Love?

A

Romantic love is idealized in this society as something that “just happens.”

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54
Q

What does research show about, “Romantic love”?

A

Research shows that interpersonal attraction follows predictable patterns.

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55
Q

What are the four different theories that sociologists use to analyze human interactions and relationships?

A
  1. The social construction of reality.
  2. Ethnomethodology.
  3. Impression management & dramaturgy.
  4. Social exchange theory.
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55
Q

What are the four different theories that sociologists use to analyze human interactions and relationships?

A
  1. The social construction of reality.
  2. Ethnomethodology.
  3. Impression management & dramaturgy.
  4. Social exchange theory.
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56
Q

What is the Social Construction of Reality?

A

Our perception of what is real is determined by the subjective meaning we assign to the experience.

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57
Q

True or False: There is no objective “reality” in itself.

A

TRUE

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58
Q

True or False: Things do not have their own intrinsic meaning, we subjectively impose meaning on things: ex: Gender.

A

TRUE

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59
Q

What is Ethnomethodology?

A

Studying norms by violating them to reveal people’s standards.

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60
Q

What are the two concepts of ethnomethodology?

A
  1. See how people react to disruption and what they do to restore the normative order.
  2. The basic premise of this approach is that everyone expects the same things.
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61
Q

What is Impression Management?

A

How one watches and manipulates another’s behavior and adjusts his/her own to the other’s expectations.

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62
Q

What did Goffman call Impression Management?

A
  • Goffman likened this to a con game.

- Called this “Dramaturgical Approach.”

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63
Q

What is Goffman’s dramaturgical approach?

A

A way to think about social interaction as a performance in a stage play.

64
Q

What is Social Exchange Theory?

A

Social Exchange Model: Our interactions are determined by the rewards/punishments we receive from others.

65
Q

What two ideas does Social Exchange Theory argue?

A
  1. Behavior that is rewarded will be repeated.

2. Behavior that is punished will not be repeated.

66
Q

What is Cyberspace interaction (Virtual interaction)?

A

Communication via personal computers through some virtual community such as email, Twitter, etc…

67
Q

What is the purpose of Cyberspace interaction?

A

Allows us to manage our impressions to others and our presentation of self.

68
Q

True or False: Internet usage patterns differ for men and women, racial groups, and different age groups.

A

TRUE

69
Q

What is a group?

A

A group consists of two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms, and have a subjective awareness as “we.”

70
Q

What are the five factors that sociologists use to differentiate between groups?

A
  1. Size
  2. Closeness of members.
  3. Duration the group stays together.
  4. Purpose.
  5. Organizational Structure.
71
Q

What are social categories?

A

Are NOT groups- when the people involved do not necessarily know each other. Engage in similar behavior, but do not hang out. Ex: Truck drivers, teenagers, people over 75.

72
Q

What is a dyad?

A

A group of two people.

73
Q

What is a triad?

A

A three person group.

74
Q

What did George Simmel (1902) discover?

A

Discovered the group size effect.

75
Q

What did George Simmel observe in group size effect?

A

He observed how group size influences the behavior of the members.

76
Q

What did Simmel discover about a third person in a two person group?

A

He discovered that Tension often builds when a third person is introduced to a two person group: group may splinter 2 + 1.

77
Q

What do primary groups consist of?

A
  • intimate, face to face interaction.
  • relatively long lasting relationships.
  • serve members emotional needs.
78
Q

How do primary groups affect members?

A

They have a powerful influence on members and affect individuals personalities and identities.

79
Q

What are examples of primary groups?

A

Family and Peers

80
Q

What do secondary groups consist of?

A
  • larger in size than primary groups.
  • less intimate
  • shorter duration.
81
Q

How do secondary groups affect members?

A

Less significant to member’s emotions and lives than primary groups and serve instrumental needs.

82
Q

What is an exemption to secondary groups?

A

In a specific circumstance such as catastrophes. secondary groups can take characteristics of a primary group.

83
Q

What are examples of Secondary groups?

A

Clients, Tax accountant

84
Q

What is a reference group?

A

Provides standards for evaluating your values, attitudes, and behaviors.

85
Q

What are effects of reference groups?

A
  • You may or may not belong to this group.

- Strongly influence one’s aspirations, self-evaluation, and self-esteem.

86
Q

What are examples of reference groups?

A

Major league sports teams, popular bands, super models, classical musicians.

87
Q

What are “In Groups” ?

A

In groups are social groups which you belong to.

88
Q

What do “In groups” provide?

A

Provides a sense of identity as “us.”

89
Q

What are “Out Groups”?

A

Out groups are complementary and referred to as “them.” You are not a member of this group.

90
Q

What are Social Networks?

A

Are links between individuals, groups, or other social units.

91
Q

What are characteristics of Social Networks?

A
  • the strength of network link varies, yet ones that are weak still connect us to other networks.
  • Networks help us achieve many of our objectives.
92
Q

How do social groups influence us?

A

Social groups exert tremendous influence on our behavior/identity.
-Even if we deny connection, influence still exists.

93
Q

What is the not me syndrome?

A

The gulf between what people think they will do and what they actually do.

94
Q

What was the Asch Conformity experiment?

A

Solomon Asch showed that even simple objective facts cannot withstand the distorting pressure of group influence.

95
Q

What was Solomon’s experiment?

A

Which line on the right is more nearly equal in length to the line on length. Obvious answer- line B.

96
Q

What did Asch Discover about Social Pressure?

A

Social Pressure of a gentle sort was sufficient to cause an astonishing rise in number of wrong answers.

97
Q

What was the Milgram Obedience Studies?

A

Discovered that people are disturbingly likely to obey when an authority figure demands compliance.
-70% of subjects were willing to obey completely and shock a stranger against will.

98
Q

What is Groupthink?

A

Group decision making associated with unintended and disastrous consequences.
-People are unwilling to offer a differing view out of fear of disloyalty.

99
Q

What is a risky shift?

A

When people are in a group, they are more likely to make a risky decision.

100
Q

What is a polarization shift?

A

Occurs when group discussion leads to a shift to more or less risk taking.

101
Q

What is Deindividuation?

A

Willingness to do together what we would not do alone.

102
Q

What is a formal organization?

A
  • a large secondary group.
    -achive goals efficiently.
    -is a place where conformity is expected.
    Ex: churches, political parties, schools, government.
103
Q

What is a Normative Organization?

A
  • voluntary organizations
    -group activities are worthwhile.
    -participants share like values and moral standards.
    Ex: PTA, Choirs, bull-fighting clubs, monasteries.
104
Q

What is Coercive Organization?

A

-total institutions
-membership is involuntary.
Ex: prison, detention center.

105
Q

What is a Utilitarian Group?

A

-large organizations
-either for profit or non profit.
-members join for specific purpose.
Ex: microsoft, General Motors.

106
Q

What is a Bureaucracy?

A
  • large
  • formal
  • complex
  • rationality and efficiency
  • differ from small businesses since they are large and impersonal.
107
Q

What are six characteristics of bureaucracy?

A
  • division of labor and specialization
  • hierarchy of authority
  • rules and regualtions
  • impersonal relationships.
  • career ladder (technical expertise).
  • efficiency
108
Q

What are some problems of a bureaucracy?

A
  • ritualism
  • alienation
  • groupthink
  • risky shift
109
Q

What is the McDonaldization of Society?

A

Modern society widely adopts Mcdonald’s prototype of fast food restaurant business strategy.

110
Q

What are Ritzer’s defined four traits of the Mcdonald’s model?

A
  • Efficiency
  • calculability
  • predictability
  • control
  • allows faster distribution of goods and services to a large and increasing demand for product.
111
Q

What did Rosabeth Moss Kanter say about women and men in corporations?

A

there are fewer females and minority members than white males in top executive positions.

112
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

Weber said functions of bureaucracy help the overall stability of society.

113
Q

What is conflict perspective?

A

hierarchy in bureaucracy is stratified.

  • encourages conflict among the individuals within it.
  • lessens the smooth, running of the organization.
114
Q

What does symbolic interaction do?

A

Stresses the role of the self in any group.

-Especially how the self develops as a product of social interaction.

115
Q

What is Deviance?

A

Is behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms.

116
Q

What is Formal Deviance?

A

-Breaks laws or official rules.

117
Q

What is Informal Deviance?

A

-Violates customary norms.

118
Q

Deviance VS Crime

A

Deviance: recognized violation of cultural norms

Crime: Violation of a society’s enacted criminal law.

119
Q

True or False: Not all Deviant Behavior is criminal.

A

TRUE

120
Q

What are the four main characteristics of deviant behavior?

A
  1. it occurs in a social context not just individual.
  2. it is culturally relative.
  3. the social rules are created or constructed; not just morally decided upon or enforced.
  4. The audience decides what is defined as deviant.
121
Q

What are Social Movements?

A

Networks of groups that organize to support or resist change.
Ex: campaign against smoking.

122
Q

What is an example of a Social movement success and failure?

A

Temperance Movement

  • Enacted in National Prohibition Act (1919)
  • Repealed 1933
123
Q

What is the social construction of deviance?

A

Deviance is influenced by society

-Subcultural influences.

124
Q

What is Medicalization of Deviance?

A

Attributed deviant behavior to a “sick” state of mind, where the solution is to “cure” the deviance through therapy or other psychological treatment.

125
Q

What do functionalists focus on?

A

how the behavior and the audience’s reactions contribute to the stability of society.

126
Q

Who said, “Imagine a community of Saint’s in an exemplary and perfect monastery… ordinary consciences”?

A

Emile Durkheim

127
Q

What did Durkheim criticize?

A

The theory that those who commit suicide are mentally deranged.

128
Q

According to Durkheim, what are the three types of suicide?

A
  1. Egoistic
  2. Anomic
  3. Altruistic
129
Q

What is Egoistic Suicide?

A

Occurs when people feel totally detached from society.

-lack of social integration

130
Q

What is Anomic Suicide?

A

Committed by people when the disintegrating forces in the society make the individuals feel lost or alone.
- Anomie relative formlessness caused by the breakdown of social influences.

131
Q

What is Altruistic Suicide?

A

When there is excessive regulation of individuals by social forces.
- Commit suicide for good of others.

132
Q

What does Durkheim say about Deviance?

A
  • Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.
  • there can be no good without evil and no justice without crime.
  • responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries.
  • boundary between right and wrong.
133
Q

Who developed the Stain (Anomie) theory of Deviance?

A

Robert Merton

134
Q

What did Merton’s theory of Strain (Anomie) propose?

A

proposed that people conform to the social expectation when the goals, “American dream” and the means of reaching them are in balance.

135
Q

What is Hirschi’s social control theory?

A

Examines the culture’s value systems and people’s attachment - or lack-thereof- to those values.

136
Q

Who said, “Control theories assume that delinquent acts…. aberrant or unusual behavior”?

A

Hirschi

137
Q

What are the bonds of Hirschi’s “Social Control Theory”?

A
  • Attachment
  • Commitment
  • Involvement
  • Belief
138
Q

What is the conflict perspective?

A

Argues that the economic structure of capitalism produces deviance and crime.

139
Q

What is Elite Deviance?

A

Refers to the wrongdoing of wealthy and powerful individuals and organizations.
- white collar crime: wealthy elite always exploit the poor and working class.

140
Q

What do Conflict theorists believe?

A
  • people in power make rules which govern our society.
  • tax and campaign laws are designed to favor interests of rich and powerful.
  • those with little power or wealthy more like to come in contact with social control agent. Ex: courts,
141
Q

What did W. I. Thomas say?

A
  • Normal response to the condition people find themselves.

- Social disorganization theory and Chicago school.

142
Q

Who said, “the decay of existing societal rules of behavior and institutions”?

A

Thomas and Znaniecki

143
Q

Who said, “refers to the inability of a community structure to realize the common values…. maintain effective social controls?”

A

Sampson and Groves

144
Q

Who created the Differential Association Theory?

A

Sutherland.

145
Q

What does Sutherland’s “Differential Association Theory” say?

A

people become criminals when they are more strongly socialized to break the law than to obey it.
- ONE LEARNS TO BECOME A DEVIANT.

146
Q

How does one learn to become a deviant?

A

Our primary group associations and interactions influence over our actions.
Ex: hang out in a bar too long likely to become alcoholic.

147
Q

What is Labeling Theory?

A

interprets the responses of others as the most significant factor in understanding how deviant behavior is both created and sustained.

148
Q

What is a Label?

A

When a person is assigned a deviant identity by others.

- arguably an act is not deviant until someone says it is.

149
Q

What is a Stigma?

A

Discredited Attribute.

150
Q

What are Deviant Communities?

A

are similar to subgroups or countercultures.

151
Q

What do Deviant Communities maintain?

A

own values, norms, and rewards for behavior.

- joining a deviant community, closes one off from conventional society.

152
Q

What is Crime?

A

Deviant behavior that violates law.

153
Q

What is criminology?

A

The scientific study of crime and criminal behavior.

154
Q

What are the Uniform Crime Reports?

A

are based on actual and national incident reports made by the police.

155
Q

What are index crimes?

A

are crimes of murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, plus property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft.

156
Q

What is Hate Crimes?

A

Crime that is motivated by bias against race, religion, ethnic origin, etc.

157
Q

What is Human Trafficking?

A

Coercion to force someone to engage in labor, service or commercial sex

158
Q

What is organized Crime?

A

Sociology 1301 (2 decks)

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