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Sociology 1301 > EXAM 4- FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM 4- FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Sociology- is a scientific way of thinking about society and its influence on human groups.

A

It is an empirical discipline and its conclusions are based on careful and systematic observations

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2
Q

Wright Mills- Sociological Imagination- The ability to see the societal patterns that influence the individual as well as groups of individuals

A

“The sociological imagination enables us to”- It allows you to see connections between our particular situation in life (biography) and what is happening at a social level (history)

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3
Q

Social Structure

A

may be defined as the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together constitute society.

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4
Q

Social institutions - are the established and organized systems of social behavior with a particular and recognized purpose

A

The family, religion, marriage, government, and the economy are examples of major social institutions.

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5
Q

Troubles

A

Troubles are privately felt problems that spring from events or feelings in a person’s life.

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6
Q

Issues

A

affect large numbers of people and have their origins in the institutional arrangements and history of a society.
- Issues shape the context within which troubles arise.

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7
Q

Peter Burger- Debunking is the process of questioning actions and ideas about society and it is the job of sociology to debunk commonly accepted notions about society.

A
  • “The first wisdom of sociology is this—things are not what they seem”
  • “Debunking refers to looking behind the facades of everyday life.”
  • “Seeing the strange in the familiar” and “seeing the general in the particular”
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8
Q

Social Location- is where a person is located in a particular society and at a particular point in history.

A

Social Location allows sociologists to understand behavior by examining the location in which they belong
- Race, Class, Gender, Occupation

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9
Q

Diversity- central theme

A
  • Diversity is an important issue in any society, particularly in the United States.
  • Racial and ethnic minority groups currently comprise 27% of those living in this country.
  • This percent continues to steadily increase.
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10
Q

Diversity is Broad Concept

A
  • studying differences in opportunities available to various groups in society
  • the shaping of social institutions by different social factors
  • the formation of group and individual identity
  • the process of social change
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11
Q

Diversity includes the study of different cultural orientations.

A
  • Understanding diversity is crucial to understanding society.
  • Patterns of social change and social structures are patterned by diverse group experiences.
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12
Q

It is impossible to understand today’s societies without seeing them in a global context.

A

The social and economic systems of every society are intertwined with those of other nations.

Mass media, the Internet, and ease of travel continue make societies more interconnected.

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13
Q

We are no long a country separated by geographic boundaries.

A
  • We can communicate with almost anyone in the world in minutes.
  • We can travel to the other side of the globe in hours.
  • A natural disaster in one region of the globe has widespread effects on all other nations.
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14
Q

Influence of Enlightenment

A
  • Observation and reason replaced a belief in the supernatural causes of events.
  • French Revolution
  • Industrial Revolution
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15
Q

Auguste Conte (1798-1857)coined the phase “sociology.”

A

He believed that society could be studied scientifically. This approach is known as positivism.

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16
Q

Positivism

A

Positivism
Science can deal only with observable entities known directly to experience
Construct theories which explain relationships
BELIEF IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD

17
Q

Alexis De Tocqueville (1805-1859)

A

Individualism-free to flourish without regard to station in life.
felt that despite the individualism of Americans, they had little independence of mind.
“Tyranny of the Majority”

18
Q

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) wrote about how to observe behavior as a participant.

A

Translated Positive Philosophy into English

19
Q 
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) 
focused on the forces that hold society together in moral cohesion.
A 
Social Facts
Suicide
Egoistic (lack of social integration)
Altruistic
Anomic (without rules)
20
Q

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

A

saw social class as a fundamental dimension of society that shapes social behavior.
Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
Historical Materialism

21
Q

Max Weber (1864-1920)

A

was concerned with ideas and how they shaped society. “Verstehen”

22
Q

Robert Park (1864-1944)

A

Race Relations Cycle

Human Ecology

23
Q

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

A

Settlement House Movement developed housing projects for immigrants, slum dwellers, and other dispossessed groups.

24
Q

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

A

Settlement House Movement developed housing projects for immigrants, slum dwellers, and other dispossessed groups.

25
Q

W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963)

A

was deeply troubled by the racial divisiveness in society.
“The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line”
- Dual Consciousness

26
Q

Functionalism interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole.

A
  • Merton:
  • Manifest Functions: Stated and intended outcomes of behavior
  • Latent Functions: Unintended consequences
27
Q

Conflict theory sees society as organized around the unequal distribution of resources and held together through power and coercion.

A
  • Groups are in power because they control a greater share of the scarce resources in society
  • Struggles between groups lead to social change
28
Q

Do Laws reflect the desires of all members of society for the common good (functionalism) or do they reflect the desires of those in power (conflict)?

A

…

29
Q

Symbolic interaction theory emphasizes the role of individuals in giving meaning to social behavior, thereby creating society.

A
  • Social Construction of Reality (Example: One Drop Rule)
  • Definition of the Situation
  • “if men define situations as real they are real in their consequences” (W. I. Thomas)
30
Q

Feminist theory is the analysis of women and men in society and is intended to improve women’s lives.

A

…

31
Q

Deviance is behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms.

A

-1972 Ruby Team Survivors -1991 Dahmer

32
Q

Formal (breaks laws or official rules)

A

Informal Deviance (violates customary norms)

33
Q

Deviance and Crime are different

A
  • Deviance: recognized violation of cultural norms
  • Crime: Violation of a society’s enacted criminal law
    “Not all deviant behavior is criminal”
34
Q

Deviance- nudity, bizzarre clothing

Crime- exceeding speed limit, underage drinking

A

In the middle: murder and sexual assault.

35
Q

Four main characteristics of deviant behavior:

A
  1. It occurs in a social context and is not just individual behavior.
  2. It is culturally relative.
  3. The social rules are created or constructed; not just morally decided upon or enforced.
  4. The audience decides what is defined as deviant.
36
Q

Social Movements- Networks of groups that organize to support or resist change

A

Campaign against smoking

37
Q

Social Movements success and failure

A
  • Temperance Movement
    Woman’s Christian Temperance Union 1873
    1919 TheNational Prohibition Act (Volstead Act), 18th
    Repealed 1933
38
Q

Social Construction of Deviance

A
  • Deviance is influenced by society

- Subcultural influences

39
Q

Medicalization of deviance

A

attributes deviant behavior to a “sick” state of mind, where the solution is to “cure” the deviance through therapy or other psychological treatment.

Sociology 1301 (2 decks)

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