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Microbiology Exam II > Exam II Microbiology: Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Exam II Microbiology: Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell

A

Virion

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2
Q

Protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid

A

Capsid

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3
Q

The capsid together with the nucleic acid

A

Nucleocapsid

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4
Q

Naked viruses consist only of a ___________; no outer membrane

A

Nucleocapsid

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5
Q

Can be found on naked or enveloped viruses

A

Spikes

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6
Q

External covering of a nucleocapsid, usually a modified piece of the host’s cell membrane

• Viruses take a piece of the cell membrane when they are released from a host cell.

A

Envelope

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7
Q
  • Single-stranded (ss)
  • Double-stranded (ds)
  • Linear
  • Circular
A

DNA Viruses

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8
Q

• Double-stranded, but more often single-stranded

must be copied into mRNA before translation can occur

A

RNA Viruses

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9
Q

Ready for immediate translation (mRNA)

A

Positive single stranded RNA

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10
Q

Must be copied into mRNA before translation can occur

A

Negative single stranded RNA

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11
Q

+ ssRNA = ___________

A

mRNA

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12
Q

Carry their own enzymes to create DNA out of RNA

A

Retroviruses

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13
Q

What are the two different types of capsids?

A
  1. Helical

2. Icosahedral

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14
Q

What capsid structure is rod-shaped?

A

Helical

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15
Q

What capsid structure is geometric in shape and made of 20 triangular pieces?

A

Icosahedral

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16
Q

What capsid structure has an icosahedral head and many accessory structures that only infects bacteria and is designed to be able to punch through cell walls?

A

Complex

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17
Q

What are the general phases of the animal viral replication CYCLE called?

A

The Lytic Cycle

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18
Q

Viruses cannot bind to cells that lack _________ _________ ___________ ?

A

compatible virus receptors

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19
Q

The entry of the virus through the plasma membrane (and for some cells the cell wall) and movement into the host cell is what part of the lytic cycle?

A

Penetration

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20
Q

A condition in which the host chromosome carries viral DNA:

A

Lysogeny

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21
Q

A virus can invade its host cell only through making an exact fit with a specific host molecule (receptor) on the surface of the cell is what part of the lytic cycle?

A

Absorption (Attachment)

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22
Q

The release of nucleic acid through break down of capsid into cytoplasm of host cells is what part of the lytic cycle?

A

Uncoating

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23
Q

Replication and protein production is what part of the lytic cycle?

A

Synthesis

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24
Q

Which virus enters the host cell’s nucleus and replicates?

A

DNA viruses

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25
Q

Messenger RNA’s for the viral proteins are made in the nucleus in which virus?

A

DNA viruses

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26
Q

Viral proteins are made in the host cell cytoplasm in which type of virus?

A

DNA viruses

27
Q

Viral DNA enters the nucleus. If it is not already double stranded, host replication enzymes will make it double stranded in:

A

DNA viruses

28
Q

In the nucleus, viral genes are transcribed into a messenger RNA using host enzymes in:

A

DNA viruses

29
Q

Viral RNA and viral proteins are made in the cytoplasm in:

A

RNA viruses

30
Q

____ ______ usually bring in some viral enzymes since host cells are not able to replicate.

A

RNA viruses

31
Q

Viral RNA is converted to DNA using reverse transcriptase (a viral enzyme) in:

A

RNA viruses

32
Q

Viral DNA can insert into a host chromosome and become latent in:

A

RNA viruses

33
Q

Viral DNA can used in transcription and translation to produce viral RNA and viral protein in:

A

RNA viruses

34
Q

Virus is put together using “parts” manufactured during the synthesis process of the lytic cycle is called:

A

Assembly

35
Q

The virus leaves the host cell by two mechanisms in which process of the lytic cycle?

A

Release

36
Q

Which cycle produces a latent infection?

A

Lysogenic cycle

37
Q

Spongiform encephalopathies

A

Mad Cow Disease

38
Q

Virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance

A

Cytopathic Effects (CPEs)

39
Q

Fusion of multiple host cells into single large cells containing multiple nuclei

A

Syncytia

40
Q

“Bacterial eating”

A

Bacteriophages

41
Q

Noncellular infectious agents are:

A

Viruses and Prions

42
Q

Periodically becomes activated under the influence of various stimuli
• Herpes simplex and herpes zoster viruses

A

Chronic latent state

43
Q

Viruses incorporate into the DNA of the host.
• This occurs in the lysogenic cycle of viral infection
• Measles virus

A

Provirus

44
Q

When a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage

A

Lysogenic conversion

45
Q
  1. Isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens.
  2. Prepare viruses for vaccines.
  3. Do detailed research on viral culture, multiplication cycles, genetics, and effects on host cells.
A

Primary purpose of viral cultivation

46
Q

Specially bred strains of white mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, and rabbits are the usual choices for:

A

Viral cultivation

47
Q

Chicken, duck, and turkey eggs are the most common choices for:

A

Inoculation

48
Q

Areas where virus-infected cells have been destroyed and show up as a clear, well-defined patches in the cell sheet:

A

Plaques

49
Q
  • Infectious proteins
  • Agents of spongiform encephalitis infection
  • Deposited as long protein fibrils in the brain with no nucleic acid
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cows
  • Found in many other animals as well
A

PRIONS

50
Q
  • No immune response by the host (no antibodies)
  • Diagnosis by neural tissue biopsy
  • Fatal disease
  • No treatment
  • Infection is by eating contaminated meat or by exposure to the neural tissue of an infected animal
A

Spongiform encephalopathies (Mad Cow Disease)

51
Q

What cannot be inactivated by heat or other traditional methods of sterilization?

A

Prions

52
Q

Virus-like agents that parasitize plants are called:

A

Viroids

53
Q

What type of virus is composed of naked strands of RNA, lacking a capsid or any other type of coating?

A

Viroids

54
Q

What is the most common cause of human infections?

A

Viruses

55
Q

Most ______ ______ just slow down or prevent growth of the virus. They do not cure or completely eliminate the virus.

A

anitviral drugs

56
Q

What are the best approaches, at this time, to preventing viral infections?

A

Vaccines

57
Q

Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors

A

Oncoviruses

58
Q

What cancer does Papillomaviruses (HPV) cause?

A

Cervical cancer

59
Q

What cancer does Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C virus cause ?

A

Liver cancer

60
Q

What cancer does Epstein-Barr Virus cause?

A

Lymphomas

61
Q

What cancer does HIV cause?

A

Many types of cancer

62
Q

What cancer does HTLV-1 cause?

A

T cell leukemia

63
Q

What cancer does Human Herpes virus 8 cause?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

64
Q

What cancer does Merkel cell polyomavirus cause?

A

Skin cancer

Microbiology Exam II (4 decks)

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