Exam II (chapters 8-18) Flashcards
What are the three types of examples?
Brief
Extended
Hypothetical
What is a brief example?
Specific case referred to in passing to illustrate point
What is an extended example?
Story, narrative, anecdote developed at length to illustrate point
What is a hypothetical example?
Example describing fictitious situation
What is a mean (stats)?
Average
What is a median?
Middle figure in group once figures are ordered highest to lowest
What is a mode?
Number occurring most frequently in group
What is testimony?
Quotations or paraphrases used to support point
What are the five types of testimonies?
Expert testimony Peer testimony Direct Quote Out-of-Context Quote Paraphrase
What things should you include in an oral citation?
Name of document
Author, sponsoring organization
Qualifications
Date
What is strategic organization?
Organizing speech to achieve particular result with particular audience
What are the five organization methods for speeches?
Chronological order Spatial order Causal order Problem-Solution order Topical order
What is spatial order?
Main points follow directional pattern (hurricane example)
What is causal order?
Main points show cause-effect relationship
What is topical order?
Main points divide topic into logical, consistent subtopics
What are the five types of connectives?
Transition
Internal preview
Internal summary
Signpost
What is an internal preview?
Statement in body indicating what speaker will discuss next
What is an internal summary?
Statement in body summarizing preceding point or points (usually used in longer speeches)
What is an example of a signpost?
The first cause…the second cause…the final cause
Explain Communication Theory
- Evidence must be proven
- Evidence adds credibility to the speaker and content
- Arguments must advance the public good
What are the five Tests of Evidence?
- Recency - current, within a year unless historical
- Relevance - value to speech, make link noticeable
- Accessibility - credible, unbiased, readily available
- Adequacy - sufficient evidence, representative
- Consistency - internal and external
What is credibility?
Perception of speaker’s qualifications
What is goodwill?
Perception of whether speaker has best interests of audience in mind
What is a crescendo ending?
Building to zenith of power, intensity
What is a dissolve ending?
Generating emotional appeal by fading to dramatic final statement
What is the difference between a preparation outline and a speaking outline?
A preparation outline is a detailed outline developed during speech preparation
A speaking outline is used for the speech itself, including cues
What is a visual framework?
Literally an outline frame
What is a word’s denotative meaning?
Literal, dictionary meaning of word or phrase
What is a word’s connotative meaning?
Meaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by word or phrase
What are the four guidelines for using language?
Use language accurately
Use language clearly
Use language vividly
Use language appropriately
What is the difference between a simile and a metaphor and which should you use?
Metaphor is a liar; it only presents one lens
Similes are less specific but doesn’t lie because it’s an approximation
USE SIMILES
Concrete vs. Abstract words
Concrete is physical
Abstract is concepts, qualities, attributes
What is parallelism?
Similar arrangement of pair or series of related words, phrases, sentences (e.g. rich and poor, young and old, etc.)
What are some types of language that you can use?
Simile Metaphor Rhythm Parallelism Repetition Alliteration Antithesis
What is an antithesis?
Juxtaposition of ideas, usually in parallel structure (e.g. “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”)
What four things should your speech be appropriate to?
Occasion
Audience
Topic
Speaker (your own style)
What things can you do to make your speech more inclusive?
- No “he” for generic singular
- No “man” for generic plural
- No stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender
- Use names that groups use to identify themselves
What is anaphora?
Repetition at the beginning of a phrase
What are some examples of archetypal metaphors?
light vs. dark white vs. black warm vs. cold close vs. far good vs. bad changes of seasons
What are the four methods of delivery?
- Manuscript
- Memory
- Impromptu
- Extemporaneous
What is conversational quality?
Sounds spontaneous no matter how often rehearsed
What are the six aspects of a speaker’s voice?
Volume Pitch Rate Pauses Vocal variety Pronunciation
What is kinesics?
Study of body motions as a mode of communication
What do you do to prepare for a Q&A?
Formulate answers to possible questions
Practice delivery of answers
How do you manage a Q&A session?
Approach with a positive attitude Listen carefully Direct answers to the entire audience Be honest, straightforward Stay on track
What are the five aspects of visual aids?
Clarity Interest Retention Credibility Persuasiveness
Okay I didn’t make a card for this but remember that visual aids have to be clear, have limited text, readable text, and know the different types (bar graph, line graph, chart, picture, video)
Enjoy the common nonsense :)
What are the three types of informative speech organizations (this will be on the exam)?
Chronological
Spatial
Topical
What four things can informative speeches be about?
Objects
Processes
Events
Concepts
What are some informative speaking guidelines?
Don’t overestimate what audience knows Relate subject to audience Don’t be too technical Avoid abstractions Personalize ideas Be creative
What are the three questions of persuasive speaking?
Questions of Fact
Questions of Value
Questions of Policy
What is a question of fact?
Deals with truth or falsity of assertion (binary)
What is a question of value?
Deals with worth, rightness of idea or action (binary)
What is a question of policy?
Whether course of action should or should not be taken (uses stock issues analysis)
What is passive agreement?
Convinces audience policy is desirable
Avoids encouraging action to support policy
What are the four policy persuasive speech organizations? (this will be on the exam)
Problem-solution
Problem-cause-solution
Comparative advantages
Monroe’s motivated sequence
Explain problem-solution organization
Main Point I: Documents existence of problem
Main Point II: Presents solution to problem
Explain problem-cause-solution organization
Main Point I: Documents problem
Main Point II: Analyzes causes
Main Point III: Presents solution
Explain comparative advantage organization
Each main point explains why one solution is preferable to other, existing solution (rapid bus example instead of a highway)
Explain Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Attention Step - convey to audience that you have their best interests in mind
Need - urgent, needs immediate action, not a ‘want’
Satisfaction - resolve problem
Visualization - explain how it will look
Call to Action - plan to get there
What are the four methods of persuasion?
Building credibility
Using evidence
Reasoning
Appealing to emotions
What are the three types of credibility?
Initial: before speech
Derived: produced during speech
Terminal: at end of speech
What is ethos?
Aristotle’s word for credibility
What is logos?
Aristotle’s name for logical appeals
Evidence & reasoning
What is pathos?
Using emotions to persuade
What are the four types of reasoning?
Specific instances
Principle
Causal
Analogical
What is specific instances reasoning?
Moving from particular facts to general conclusion
What is reasoning from principle?
Moving from general principle to specific conclusion
What is causal reasoning?
Establishing relationship between causes & effects
What is analogical reasoning?
Comparing two similar cases
What is true for first case is also true for second
Cases must be essentially alike
What are some fallacies?
Hasty generalization
False cause
Invalid analogy
Bandwagon
Red herring - Irrelevant issue diverting attention from actual subject
Ad hominem - Attacking person rather than dealing with real issue
Either-or - only two choices presented when there are more
Slippery slope
Appeal to tradition
Appeal to novelty
What are the four types of special occasion speeches?
Introduction
Presentation
Acceptance
Commemoration
What are advocates and opponents?
Advocates seek change while opponents support the status quo
What are the five stock issues (stock issues analysis)?
This will likely be an essay question.
The stock issues framework is a series of five tests that advocates must pass in order to present a successful persuasive argument. Opponents must only point out one failure and the advocate does not pass.
- Significance - explain how the problem is significant
- Harm - the problem (status quo) must be exacting some real harm, and the solution should lessen this harm
- Inherency - problem must be existent, not a fluke, inherent in the system
- Solvency - the problem must be able to be solved, advocates must solve the problem
- Costs (advantages/disadvantages) - economic, emotional, environmental, health, political, and others. Net advantages must outweigh costs
What is stare decisis?
Action based on precedent, the outlook of the opponent
What is the goal when giving a speech at a special occasion?
Don’t focus on yourself; instead focus on the larger story, the history and values of the organization or entity
Difference between line graph, bar graph, and pie chart
You know this. :)
Guidelines for visual aids
Stuff like having limited, readable font, using it only when applicable so it’s not a distraction, having a large enough projector/screen so it’s visible
What are two types of evidence?
Statistics and examples
