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Clinical Neuroscience > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the PCML / DCML?

A

somatosensory pathway: vibration, proprioception, light touch

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2
Q

where is the origin and termination of the PCML / DCML?

A

(1) origin: dorsal root ganglion (synapse at nucleus gracilis / cuneatus
(2) termination: VPL / Somatosensory cortex

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3
Q

where does decussation of the PCML / DCML occur?

A

internal arcuate fibers (cauda medulla)

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4
Q

what is the function of the Lateral Spinothalamic tract?

A

somatosensory tract: pain, temperature, crude touch, itch, tickle, and some visceral sensations

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5
Q

where is the origin and termination of the Lateral Spinothalamic tract?

A

(1) origin: immediate synapse in gray matter of the spinal cord
(2) termination:
- A-pain: VPL to somatosensory cortex
- C-pain: intralaminar and mediodorsal nuclei to limbic and somatosensory cortex

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6
Q

where does decussation of the Lateral Spinothalamic tract occur?

A

anterior commissure (spinal cord)

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7
Q

what are the 2 lateral motor tracts?

A

(1) Lateral Corticospinal tract

(2) Rubrospinal tract

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8
Q

what are the 4 medial motor tracts?

A

(1) Anterior Corticospinal tract
(2) Vestibulospinal tracts
(3) Reticulospinal tracts
(4) Tectospinal tract

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9
Q

what is the function of the Lateral Corticospinal tract?

A

movement of the contralateral limb (voluntary, fine, skilled movements)

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10
Q

where is the origin and termination of the Lateral Corticospinal tract?

A

(1) origin: primary motor cortex

(2) termination: entire cord

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11
Q

where does decussation of the Lateral Corticospinal tract occur?

A

pyramidal decussation (cervicomedullary junction)

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12
Q

what is the function of the Rubrospinal tract?

A

movement of contralateral limb? (not fully understood in humans)

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13
Q

where is the origin and termination of the Rubrospinal tract?

A

(1) origin: red nucleus, magnocellular (midbrain)

(2) termination: cervical cord

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14
Q

where does decussation of the Rubrospinal tract occur?

A

ventral tegmental decussation (midbrain)

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15
Q

what is the function of the Anterior Corticospinal tract?

A

control of bilateral axial / girdle movements; postural control of head and neck (proximal muscles, neck, trunk)

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16
Q

where is the origin and termination of the Anterior Corticospinal tract?

A

(1) origin: primary motor and supplementary motor cortex

(2) termination: cervical and upper thoracic cord

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17
Q

where does decussation of the Anterior Corticospinal tract occur?

A

DOESN’T DECUSSATE

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18
Q

what is the function of the LATERAL Vestibulospinal tract?

A

balance for whole body

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19
Q

where is the origin and termination of the LATERAL Vestibulospinal tract?

A

(1) origin: lateral vestibular nucleus (Pons)

(2) termination: entire cord

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20
Q

what is the function of the MEDIAL Vestibulospinal tract?

A

maintains head and neck tone

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21
Q

where is the origin and termination of the MEDIAL Vestibulospinal tract?

A

(1) origin: medial (and inferior) vestibular nucleus (medulla)
(2) termination: C/S and T/S cord

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22
Q

what is the function of the PONTINE & MEDULLARY reticulospinal tracts?

A

posture and gait

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23
Q

where is the origin and termination of the PONTINE reticulospinal tract?

A

(1) origin: pontine reticular formation

(2) termination: entire cord

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24
Q

where is the origin and termination of the MEDULLARY reticulospinal tract?

A

(1) origin: medullar recticular formation

(2) termination: entire cord

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25
Q

what is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

head and eye movement

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26
Q

where is the origin and termination of the tectospinal tract?

A

(1) origin: superior colliculus (midbrain)

(2) termination: cervical cord

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27
Q

where does decussation of the tectospinal tract occur?

A

dorsal tegmental decussation (midbrain)

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28
Q

what are separations of the dura membranes important for?

A

create sinuses; important to venous drainage

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29
Q

what structure can be damaged by the falx cerebri?

A

corpus callosum

30
Q

what can be damaged by the tentorium cerebrelli?

A

midbrain, brainstem, occulomotor nerve

31
Q

what artery is in the epidural space?

A

middle meningeal artery

32
Q

what commonly causes rupture of the middle meningeal artery?

A

fracture of the temporal bone

33
Q

what does the subdural space contain?

A

bridging veins

34
Q

what can rupture of the bridging vein cause?

A

subdural hematoma

35
Q

what does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

CSF and major arteries of the brain

36
Q

what makes up the choroid plexus? what is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

(1) ependymal cells

(2) produces CSF

37
Q

how does CSF exit and create a pressure gradient?

A

arachnoid granulations

38
Q

the fasciculus gracilis carries what type of information? where is it located in the brain?

A

LE infromation; medial

39
Q

the fasciculus cuneatus carries what type of information? where is it located in the brain?

A

UE information; lateral

40
Q

what is the difference between Spinothalamic, Spinoreticular, Spinomesencephalic pathways?

A

(1) Spinothalamic: identifying noxious stimuli (stepping on something sharp)
(2) Spinoreticular: adds the emotional component (ouch, that hurts!)
(3) Spinomesencephalic: Pain modulation (that feels better!)

41
Q

what is the function of A-alpha (I) receptors? what pathway uses these fibers?

A

(1) proprioception (muscle spindle and GTO)
PATHWAY
Spinocerebellar

42
Q

what is the function of A-beta (II) receptors? what pathway uses these fibers?

A

(1) proprioception (muscle spindle)
(2) light touch (Meissner’s corpuscle)
(3) 2-point discrimination (Merkel’s receptors)
(4) vibration (Pacinian corpuscle)
(5) vibration (Ruffini ending)
(6) light touch / vibration (hair receptors)
PATHWAY
PCML

43
Q

what is the function of A-delta (III) receptors? what pathway uses these fibers?

A

(1) acute pain
(2) cool temperature
(3) itch
PATHWAY
Lateral Spinothalamic (A-pain)

44
Q

what is the function of C (IV) receptors? what pathway uses these fibers?

A

(1) chronic pain
(2) warm temperature
(3) touch
PATHWAY
Lateral Spinothalamic (C-pain)

45
Q

which fibers have the highest conduction fibers? which have the lowest?

A

Highest: Alpha-A
Lowest: C

46
Q

what relay nuclei of the thalamus send information to sensory and motor areas?

A

mainly lateral thalamus, VPL, PN, LGN, MGN, interior nucleus

47
Q

what relay nuclei of the thalamus send information to association cortices?

A

non-specific (found in pulvinar and MD)

48
Q

what relay nuclei of the thalamus send information to the basal ganglia?

A

intralaminar (lie within intermedullar lamina)

49
Q

what relay nuclei of the thalamus do not project into the cortex and deal with communication within the thalamus?

A

reticular nuclei (thin sheet lateral to thalamus and medial to internal capsule)

50
Q

A lesion above the medulla will prevent what sided deficits for the DCML tract?

A

-Contralateral

51
Q

A lesion in the lower medulla will present what sided deficits for the DCML Tract?

A

-Ipsilateral

52
Q

A lesion at the brainstem will cause what sided symptoms of the anterolateral spinal thalamic tract?

A

-Contralateral

53
Q

Polyneuropathy is associated with what disease?

A

-Diabetes; “sock and glove” syndrome

54
Q

A spinal nerve lesion will follow what pattern?

A

-Dermatome/Myotome

55
Q

Posterior cord damage will affect what ascending tract?

A

-DCML

56
Q

Anterior Spinal Cord damage will affect what tract?

A

-ALS Tract

57
Q

A narrow central cord lesion will affect what ascending tract?

A

-ALS Tract; cannot deccusate either way, bilateral loss caudal to lesion

58
Q

Why is there more white matter in the cervical segments?

A

-They house all tracts

59
Q

What is associated with a lower motor neuron lesion?

A

-Atrophy, decreased tone, twitching, decreased reflexes

60
Q

What is associated with a upper motor neuron lesion?

A

-increased tone, increased relfexes

61
Q

A left MCA superior division infarct will cause what type of aphasia?

A

-Brocas

62
Q

A left MCA inferior division infact with cause what type of aphasia?

A

-Wernickes

63
Q

How do motor deficits usually present with a left inferior division of the MCA infarct?

A

-no deficits

64
Q

What is a major deficit associated with a right MCA inferior division infarct?

A

-Left hemineglect

65
Q

A left MCA deep territory infarct will cause what type of deficit?

A

-Right hemiparesis

66
Q

Non dominant ACA strokes can cause what?

A

-Contralateral neglect

67
Q

An occlusion of the internal carotid will cause what type of infarct?

A

-ACA-MCA Watershed

68
Q

An ACA-MCA watershed infarct of the dominant hemisphere will cause what?

A

-Transcortical aphasia syndromes

69
Q

Watershed infarcts cause what type of motor deficits?

A

-Proximal arm and leg weakness (regions of the humunculus involved include trunk and proximal limb)

70
Q

What are the 4 D’s of a vertebral basillar stroke?

A

-Dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, dizziness

Clinical Neuroscience (4 decks)

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