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Clinical Neuroscience > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the steps of embryological development?

A 
Stage 1: Neurulation
Stage 2: Cell Proliferation
Stage 3: Migration
Stage 4: Cell Differentiation
Stage 5: Synaptogenesis
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2
Q

what is neurulation?

A

formation of the neural crest

& neural tube (Stage 1 of embryological development)

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3
Q

what is cell proliferation?

A

cell growth within the neural tube (Stage 2 of embryological development)

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4
Q

what is migration?

A

an aggregation of cells within a specific location (Stage 3 of embryological development)

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5
Q

what is cell differentiation?

A

formation of axons and dendrites; development of cranial nerves (Stage 4 of embryological development)

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6
Q

what is synaptogenesis?

A

connections between
nerve cell to nerve cells or muscle cells; permanent learning / neural plasticity can now occur (Stage 5 of embryological development)

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7
Q

what is the Cephalic flexure?

A

division between the brain and brain stem

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8
Q

what is the Cervical flexure?

A

division between brain and the spinal cord

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9
Q

what is the pontine flexure?

A

division between metencephalon and myelencephalon

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10
Q

what does the neural crest eventually develop into?

A

peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

during development, what does the prosencephalon go on to become? (2)

A

telencephalon and diencephalon (the forebrain)

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12
Q

during development, what does the mesencephalon go on to become? (1)

A

mesencephalon (the midbrain)

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13
Q

during development, what does the rhombencephalon go on to become? (2)

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon (the hindbrain)

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14
Q

what occurs with failure of the posterior neuropore to close?

A

spina bifida

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15
Q

what occurs with failure of the anterior neuropore to close?

A

anencephaly

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16
Q

during cell proliferation, the sulcus limitans creates dorsal and ventral portions; what is the DORSAL portion called?

A

alar plate (site for sensory tracts)

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17
Q

during cell proliferation, the sulcus limitans creates dorsal and ventral portions; what is the VENTRAL portion called?

A

basal plate (site for motor tracts)

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18
Q

what is the ependymal or germinal layer?

A

lines the ventricles and develop cilia to move CSF

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19
Q

what does the intermediate or mantle layer become?

A

becomes gray matter of spinal cord

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20
Q

what does the marginal layer become?

A

white matter

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21
Q

how does radial migration occur? what does this require?

A

from spinal cord through telencephalon; requires radial glial cells

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22
Q

where does tangential migration occur?

A

brainstem

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23
Q

what is dyslexia?

A

difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words

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24
Q

what is Lissencephaly?

A

smooth brain, less gyri in the brain; results in lower IQ

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25
Q

when does the swallow and gag reflex develop? what CNs are responsible for this relfex?

A

(1) 14 weeks

(2) CN 5, 7, 9, 10, 12

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26
Q

when does the visual motor cortex develop? what CNs are responsible for this this?

A

(1) 25 weeks

(2) 2, 3, 4, 6

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27
Q

when does hearing develop? what CNs are responsible for this? (1)

A

(1) 28 weeks

(2) 8

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28
Q

when does olfaction develop? what CNs are responsible for this? (1)

A

(1) 31-32 weeks

(2) 1

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29
Q

what is included within the telencephalon? (3)

A

(1) cerebral cortex
(2) white matter (subcortical)
(3) basal ganglia

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30
Q

what is included within the diencephalon? (3)

A

(1) thalamus
(2) hypothalamus
(3) epithalamus

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31
Q

what is included within the mesencephalon? (3)

A

(1) cerebral peduncles
(2) midbrain tectum
(3) midbrain tegmentum

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32
Q

what is included within the metencephalon? (2)

A

(1) pons

(2) cerebellum

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33
Q

what is included within the myelencephalon? (1)

A

(1) medulla

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34
Q

what does the choroid plexus do? where is it located?

A

(1) creates CSF

(2) ventricles

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35
Q

what are the meninges? what are the 3 parts?

A 
3 layers that line the skull
PAD
(1) Pia Matter: most inner layer, close to surface of the brain (thin)
(2) Arachnoid Matter: middle layer
(3) Dura Matter: hard, outer layer
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36
Q

what is the purpose of the falx cerebri?

A

dura matter structure dips in between the cerebral hemispheres; prevent brain from moving around

37
Q

what are the 3 types of neurons?

A

(1) Multipolar: have several dendrites and axons; most neurons in mammals
(2) Bipolar: single dendrite and axon; vision and olfaction neurons
(3) Unipolar: both axon and dendrite from a single process coming off a cell body; (seen in invertebrates)

38
Q

what is a synapse; where do they typically occur?

A

(1) communication between neurons

(2) from axon terminal of one nerve to the dendrite of the next neuron

39
Q

what is the function of myelin sheath?

A

covers the axons to allow for increased speed of transmission of the AP

40
Q

what forms myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

41
Q

what forms myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

42
Q

what are the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS?

A

excitatory: glutamate
inhibitory: GABA

43
Q

what neurotransmitters are used by the PNS?

A

Acetylcholine

44
Q

what neurotransmitters are used by the ANS?

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

45
Q

what are characteristics of white matter? (2)

A

(1) myelinated axons

(2) transmit signals over greater distances than gray matter

46
Q

what are characteristics of gray matter? (2)

A

(1) cell bodies

(2) local synaptic communication

47
Q

where is gray and white matter found within the brain?

A

(1) gray matter: outer cortex

(2) white matter: middle of the brain

48
Q

where is gray and white matter found within the spinal cord?

A

(1) gray matter: in the middle

2) white matter: outer edges of the spinal cord (where ascending and descending tracts are located

49
Q

where is gray matter found within the CNS? (2)

A

(1) cerebral cortex

2) nuclei (basal ganglia, thalamus, cranial nerve nuclei

50
Q

where is white matter found within the CNS? (5)

A

(1) Tracts
(2) Fascicle
(3) Lemniscus
(4) Bundle
(5) Commissure

51
Q

where is white matter found within the PNS? (1)

A

(1) peripheral nerves

52
Q

where is gray matter found within the PNS? (1)

A

(1) ganglia

53
Q

what is the final neurotransmitter for the Sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

54
Q

what is the final neurotransmitter for the Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

55
Q

what is the differences between sulci, fissures and gyri?

A

(1) sulci: infoldings
(2) fissures: deep infoldings
(3) bumps or ridges between sulci

56
Q

what are the 4 main lobes of the brain? what are the hemispheres?

A 
Lobes
(1) frontal
(2) temporal
(3) parietal
(4) occipital
Hemispheres
(1) left
(2) right
57
Q

what is the insular cortex?

A

convergence of frontal, parietal, and temporal cortexes

58
Q

what does the Central Sulcus separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobes

59
Q

what does the Sylvian fissure separate?

A

parietal and temporal lobes

60
Q

what does the Parieto-occipital sulcus separate?

A

parietal and occipital lobes

61
Q

what is the corpus callosum made up of? what are the 4 parts?

A

white matter

(1) Rostrum: front
(2) Genu: bend
(3) Body: largest portion
(4) Splenium: tail end

62
Q

where does the Calcarine fissure run?

A

within the occipital lobe

63
Q

where is the Primary motor cortex located?

A

precentral gyrus

64
Q

where is the Primary sensory cortex located?

A

post central gyrus

65
Q

where is the Primary visual cortex located?

A

occipital lobe

66
Q

where is the Primary auditory cortex located?

A

transverse gyrus of Heschl (temporal lobe)

67
Q

what are the 6 layers of the neocortex?

A 
Many Small Men Got Large Penises
I – Molecular layer
II – Small pyramidal layer
III – Medium pyramidal layer
IV – Granular layer
V – Large pyramidal layer
VI – Polymorphic layer
68
Q

what layer is the molecular layer? what is the main connection for this layer?

A

Layer 1; connects dendrites and Axons from other layers

69
Q

what layer is the small pyramidal layer? what is the main connection for this layer?

A

Layer 2; cortical to cortical connections

70
Q

what layer is the medium pyramidal layer? what is the main connection for this layer?

A

Layer 3; cortical to cortical connections

71
Q

what layer is the granular layer? what is the main connection for this layer?

A

Layer 4; receive input from thalamus

72
Q

what layer is the large pyramidal layer? what is the main connection for this layer?

A

Layer 5; sends output to subcortical structures (other than thalmus)

73
Q

what layer is the polymorphic layer? what is the main connection for this layer?

A

Layer 6; sends output to the thalamus

74
Q

where are Brodmann’s areas 1,2,3 found? what is their function?

A

(1) Primary Somatosensory Cortex

(2) Touch

75
Q

where is Brodmann’s area 4 found? what is it’s function?

A

(1) Primary Motor Cortex

(2) Voluntary movement

76
Q

where is Brodmann’s area 17 found? what is it’s function?

A

(1) Primary Visual Cortex

(2) Vision

77
Q

where is Brodmann’s area 22 found? what is it’s function?

A

(1) Wernicke’s area

(2) Language Interpretation

78
Q

where are Brodmann’s areas 28,34,35,36,38 found? what are their functions?

A

(1) Primary Olfactory Cortex

(2) Smell; emotion

79
Q

where is Brodmann’s area 41 and 42 found? what is it’s function?

A

(1) Primary Auditory Cortex

(2) Hearing

80
Q

where is Brodmann’s area 44 found? what is it’s function?

A

(1) Broca’s area

(2) Speech; Motor Planning

81
Q

where are Brodmann’s areas 23-36, 38 found? what are their functions?

A

(1) Limbic Association Cortex

(2) Emotions

82
Q

what are the 2 main somatosensory pathways? what sensation do each provide?

A

(1) Anterolateral Pathway; Pain, Temperature & Crude Touch
(2) Posterior (Dorsal) column pathway; Proprioception, Vibration & Discriminative Touch

83
Q

what is the tract for the Anterolateral Pathway?

A

(1) Dorsal Root → (2) Synapses Immediately in Grey Matter → (3) Cross & Ascend in Antero-lateral White Matter → (4) Synapses in the Thalamus → (5) Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Post Central Gyrus)

84
Q

what is the tract for the Dorsal Column Pathway?

A

(1) Doral Root → (2) Ipsilateral White Matter/Dorsal Column → (3) Dorsal Column Nuclei Medulla → (4) Synapse & Cross Medulla → (5) Contralateral Ascend to Thalamus → (6) Synapse in Thalamus → (7) Primary Somatosensory Cortex

85
Q

what is the tract for the stretch reflex arch?

A

Muscle Spindle (1) → Distal Sensory Neuron (1) → Dorsal Root (1) → Synapse in Grey Matter (2) → Ventral Root (2) → To Muscle

86
Q

where is Brodmann’s area 18 found? what is it’s function?

A

(1) Secondary Visual Cortex

(2) Vision

87
Q

where are Brodmann’s areas 5, 7, 39, 40 found? what are their functions?

A

(1) Sensory association cortex

(2) Stereogenesis, Perception, Vision, Reading, Speech

88
Q

where is Brodmann’s area 28 found? what is it’s function?

A

(1) Parahippocampal gyrus

(2) Smell, emotions

Clinical Neuroscience (4 decks)

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