exam II

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

detecting a stimulus

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

integrating, recognizing, interpreting patterns of sensation

Question 3

sensory system organization

Answer 3

RTPSA
receptors –> thalamus –> primary sensory cortex –> secondary –> association
hierarchy - processes information in more complex ways as you move up

Question 4

AP firing rate =

Answer 4

stimulus magnitude

Question 5

retina

Answer 5

converts light to neural signals (APs)
signals leave eye –> thalamus –> visual cortex

Question 6

visual transduction

Answer 6

conversion of light into neural signals
Na+ channels open in dark, close in light

Question 7

sound travel in ear anatomy

Answer 7

sound travels to ear drum, through 3 bones, then to cochlea
auditory receptors (hair cells) are inside the cochlea

Question 8

auditory pathway

Answer 8

cochlea –> hindbrain – tectum (midbrain) – thalamus – primary auditory cortex
CHTTP

Question 9

somatosensory system

Answer 9

touch, proprioception, pain, temperature
dorsal root ganglion used as sensory receptors/afferent nerves

Question 10

proprioception

Answer 10

sense of one self: receptors in muscle, joints, skin – posture and movements of body

Question 11

exteroception

Answer 11

interaction with the external world thru touch; also includes thermal sensations; and pain

Question 12

interoception

Answer 12

sense of major organs; most receptor events are not conscious but regulate autonomic NS (cardio, resp, digestive)

Question 13

DCML / dorsal-column medial lemniscus somatosensory pathway

Answer 13

touch, proprioception, Aα and Aβ fibers

Question 14

AnLS / anterolateral system somatosensory pathway

Answer 14

temperature, pain, Aδ and C fibers

Question 15

somatosensory information from the body ascends the…

Answer 15

spinal cord, travels through the thalamus, and ends at the somatosensory cortex

Question 16

olfaction pathway

Answer 16

receptors –> olfactory bulb –> olfaction cortex –> other brain areas

Question 17

gustatory (taste) pathway

Answer 17

receptors –> brainstem –> thalamus –> gustatory cortex and hypothalamus

Question 18

prefrontal cortex shows reduced fMRI activity in:

Answer 18

alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, depression

Question 19

neuroplasticity

Answer 19

neural development impacted by experience
synapses not activated by experience get pruned
adult brain can structurally and functionally change

Question 20

cerebral hemmorhage

Answer 20

bleeding in the brain

Question 21

cerebral ischemia

Answer 21

disruption of blood supply to brain
excess release of glutamate
causes more Na+ and Ca++ conductance into neuron
cell swelling

Question 22

infections can lead to

Answer 22

encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)

Question 23

bacterial infection example

Answer 23

strep throat

Question 24

viral infection example

Answer 24

influenza
ups risk for schizophrenia

Question 25

environmental toxins

Answer 25

mercury -- anxiety, trembling, incoordination, slurred speech lead -- psychosis, decreased IQ

Question 26

venom toxin example

Answer 26

saxitoxin (STX) -- from algae, produces Red Tide / paralytic shellfish poisoning; Na+ channel blockade

Question 27

parkinson's potential causes

Answer 27

infections, neurotoxins (pollutants), genetic factors, antipsychotic medications

Question 28

parkinson's motor symptoms

Answer 28

bradykinesia (slowness of movement), akinesia (absence of movement), rigidity, tremor at rest, postural instability

Question 29

parkinson's non-motor symptoms

Answer 29

autonomic dysfunction, depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment --> dementia

Question 30

parkinson's pathology

Answer 30

degeneration of DA-containing neurons Presence of Lewy Bodies which are made up of alpha-synuclein proteins may begin in intestine, end in brain

Question 31

parkinson's gene

Answer 31

PRKN - codes for parkin, impaired protein degradation, neurodegeneration and cell death

Question 32

parkinson's environment

Answer 32

rural living, industrial pollutants, pesticides, mining/welding, coffee drinking (protective?)

Question 33

parkinson's treatments

Answer 33

drugs, physical exercise, surgical treatments, MAOb inhibitor blocks effects of MPTP

Question 34

alzheimer's risk factors

Answer 34

stroke, genetic factors, history of traumatic brain injury

Question 35

alzheimer's symptoms

Answer 35

forgetfulness, depression, issues w problem solving/judgment --> total dementia, confusion, major impairments in memory/language/thinking

Question 36

amyloid plaques

Answer 36

clumps of amyloid proteins, spread through brain leading to dementia

Question 37

Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFTs)

Answer 37

degeneration of cytoskeleton

Question 38

alzheimer's pathology

Answer 38

Plaques, NFTs, and neuron loss in memory regions of brain (hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex)

Question 39

alzheimer's gene

Answer 39

APP - cell migration, axon growth, synapse formation, assoc w early onset

Question 40

? leads to neurodegenerative diseases

Answer 40

abnormally folded proteins

Question 41

alzheimer's treatments

Answer 41

Amyloid b antibody drugs / inhibitors, psychosis treatments, Amyloid b-targeting drugs

Question 42

transgenic AD models

Answer 42

test for relationships between plaques and NFTs test drugs for effectiveness at treating both pathologies

Question 43

epilepsy risk factors

Answer 43

stroke, infections, neurotoxins, genetic factors

Question 44

epilepsy

Answer 44

any disorder where epileptic seizures happen spontaneously and intermittently

Question 45

seizure

Answer 45

abnormal electrical activity in brain – usually a hypersynchronous activity of more than 10sec

Question 46

comorbidities w epilepsy

Answer 46

migraine, depression, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, autism

Question 47

epilepsy symptoms

Answer 47

subtle changes in mood/thought/behavior convulsive symptoms auras may precede - specific smell/taste/memory

Question 48

focal (partial) seizures

Answer 48

preceded by an aura begin in small group of neurons in one hemisphere

Question 49

generalized seizures

Answer 49

not preceded by aura involves entire brain absence - loss of consciousness, eye-blinking; no convulsions tonic-clonic - loss of consciousness + balance, convulsions

Question 50

epilepsy pathology

Answer 50

failure of GABA inhibition, increased excitation

Question 51

epilepsy gene

Answer 51

ARX - codes for ARX protein, neuron migration, differentiation

Question 52

epilepsy environment

Answer 52

exposure to infection or neurotoxin

Question 53

epilepsy treatments

Answer 53

anticonvulsants, GABA synthesis enhancers, vagal nerve stimulation

Question 54

chronic model of epilepsy

Answer 54

mild, brief electrical stimulation (kindling) to amygdala or hippocampus