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exam I Flashcards

1
Q

broca’s area

A

language expression/production

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2
Q

wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

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3
Q

neuropsychology

A

study behavioral deficits produced by brain damage, most applied of 6 divisions

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4
Q

psychophysiology

A

study physiological responses, non-invasive procedures

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5
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

neural bases of cognitive processes, brain imaging techniques

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6
Q

comparative psychology

A

evolutionary and genetic factors of behavior, lab + natural environment settings

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7
Q

reductionism

A

all behavior can be reduced to biology (brain)

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8
Q

dualism

A

there is a mind that is separate from the brain (mind is not a physical thing) - Renee Descartes

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9
Q

two theories of reductionism

A

localization of function and aggregate field

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10
Q

aggregate field

A

holistic view of brain function

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11
Q

Paul Broca

A

studied brain damage rather than skull shape, founder of neuropsychology, broca’s/expressive aphasia - damage to left frontal lobe

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12
Q

Karl Wernicke

A

patients who could speak but not understand, wernicke’s/receptive aphasia - damage to left temporal lobe

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13
Q

motor cortex

A

output, control of voluntary movements
(left hemisphere controls body’s right side)

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14
Q

sensory cortex

A

input, processes sensory info
(left hemisphere receives input from right side)

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15
Q

epigenetics

A

“above” the genome – chemical changes to DNA and histone proteins that affects DNA expression. can be passed down

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16
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

single-gene disorder – PAH gene absent, too much PHE can cause seizures. can prevent by diet

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17
Q

neurogenesis

A

process by which new neurons are formed in the brain

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18
Q

central vs peripheral nervous system

A

central - brain + spinal cord
peripheral - nervous outside of

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19
Q

somatic vs autonomic nervous system

A

somatic - voluntary actions
autonomic - involuntary actions

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20
Q

afferent vs efferent nerves

A

afferent - carry sensory info + Arrive at CNS
efferent - carry motor signals away + Exit CNS

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21
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic - fight or flight
parasympathetic - rest + digest

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22
Q

typical neuron

A

fundamental signaling unit
receive, conduct, send info

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23
Q

typical neuron contains…

A

semipermeable membrane and proteins (pumps, pores, receptor proteins)

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24
Q

dendrites

A

postsynaptic zone, contain receptors + synapses

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25
axon
main conducting process, carries signals to other cells
26
terminal branches
presynaptic zone, contain receptors + synapses
27
myelin sheaths
formed by glial cells, faster conduction
28
nodes of ranvier
spaces between myelin, signal "jumps" from node to node
29
nerve cells form...
circuits when connecting. function is defined by circuit
30
synapse
modified by experience and learning plasticity abnormal transmission ASSOCIATED with mental illness drugs work at the synapse
31
glial cells
most common cell in nervous system physical + functional support of nerve cells 4 types
32
astrocytes
clear NTs from synapse regulate ion concentrations release NTs help construct synapses
33
myelinating glia (2)
speeds neural conduction, myelinates axons oligodendroglia (several) schwann cell (one)
34
microglia
function as phagocytes remove dead or dying neurons/glia
35
amygdala
emotional processing
36
hypothalamus associated with...
arousal, hunger, heart rate, mood
37
hippocampus
learning and memory
38
hindbrain (brainstem)
sleep/wake, attention regulates: muscle tone, cardiac + respiratory function, maintenance of balance medulla, pons, + cerebellum
39
pons
respiration sleep relays info from cortex to cerebellum
40
cerebellum
movement, posture, balance learning motor skills head/eye/arm movements
41
midbrain
visual + auditory relays
42
forebrain contains
intelligence/movement/senses four lobes thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia
43
thalamus
information relay station
44
limbic system
regulates motivation (hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex)
45
basal ganglia
controls voluntary movement
46
neural conduction
ion pump, RMP, receptor/postsynaptic/action potentials
47
stronger stimulus =
more action potentials = more NT release
48
distribution of ions for neuron
Na+ and Cl- higher OUTSIDE neuron K+ higher INSIDE neuron (some leakage out of channels)
49
4 factors that determine RMP
1 membrane permeability 2 chemical driving force (conc. gradient) 3 electrical driving force (electrical potential difference) 4 sodium-potassium pump
50
postsynaptic potentials (PSPs)
changes in membrane potential (up or down)
51
EPSPs
depolarizations and INCREASE probability neuron will fire
52
IPSPs
hyperpolarizations and DECREASE probability neuron will fire
53
4 properties of an action potential
1 threshold for firing 2 all-or-none event 3 conducted down the axon without decrease in amplitude 4 followed by a refractory period
54
role of the action potential
neurotransmitter release
55
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger, binds to specific receptors
56
from stimulus to transmitter release steps
A receptor potential B trigger action C action potential D output signal (transmitter release)
57
receptors
membrane spanning proteins, NTs bind to them (key into lock), dictates excitatory vs inhibitory action of NT
58
ionotropic receptor
ion channel, produces fast IPSPs or EPSPs
59
metabotropic receptor
activates second messenger systems, produces slower responses
60
small molecule neurotransmitters
amino acids, monoamines, gases, acetylcholine
61
large molecules
peptides
62
excitatory amino acids
glutamate, aspartate
63
inhibitory amino acids
GABA, glycine
64
monoamine NTs
dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin
65
dopamine
movement, affect, motivation
66
epinephrine
arousal (adrenaline)
67
serotonin
mood, sleep, feeding, temperature
68
peptide neurotransmitters
synthesized in cell body endorphins, oxytocin (mood regulation)
69
fMRI
measures blood oxygen levels (BOLD) neural activity
70
DMN activated during
self-referential thinking, envisioning future, theory of mind
71
diffusion tensor imaging
diffusion of H2O molecules
72
PET scan
measures brain activity/quantity of some molecule (ex: damaged/less acetylcholine production assoc. with alzheimer's)
73
brain surface recording (EEG)
scalp recordings, neuron responses following a stimulus
74
primary stress hormone
cortisol
75
glutamate
excitatory NT involved in brain function excites/stimulates nerve cell

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