Exam II Flashcards
What is learning and what it is
Any relatively permanent change in behavior due to previous experience.
What is extinction
The weakening and/or eventual disappearance of a learned response
What is punishment
When something unpleasant occurs or is experienced, after a behavior, it generally weakens the behavior and it makes it less likely to occur
What is reinforcement
When something pleasant occurs or is given to an individual after a behavior and it strengthens a behavior and makes it more likely to reoccur
What is positive punishment?
Punishment of a behavior by the addition or experience of an unpleasant or painful stimulus/experience, and this makes behavior decrease, or less likely to reoccur
Ex) Yelling, raising your voice, spanking, physical punishment, more chores
What is negative punishment?
Punishment of a behavior by the removal or taking away of a pleasurable item/stimulus/ or experience, and this makes behaviors decrease or less likely to reoccur
Ex) Take away phone, take away car privileges, take away my license
What is negative reinforcement
Reinforcement of a behavior by the “removal, escape, or avoidance” of an unpleasant stimulus, or an unpleasant experience or (chore), and it makes behaviors increase or reoccur
Ex) You don’t have to fold laundry or sweep floors
What is positive reinforcement
Reinforcement of a behavior by the “addition” or “experience” of a pleasurable stimulus or pleasurable experience, which should make the behavior reoccur
Ex) Positive words, High fives, Hugs, Pick dinner
What is unconditioned stimulus
An event or thing that naturally, automatically, and reflexively creates a behavioral response. “Food”
What is unconditioned response
A reflexive, automatic, or natural response to a natural stimulus. “Salivate”
What is conditioned stimulus
(Was once neutral) but now creates learned response. “Bell”
What is conditioned response
“Learned Response”- (“Salivation”)
What is stimulus generalization
After conditioning has occurred it is the tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the one in the original conditioning
What are primary reinforcers and examples
A reinforcer that is innately satisfying, a primary reinforcer does not require learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable. Food, water, sleep, and physical touch.
What is continuous reinforcement
Every time behaviors are reinforced every time, and good for quickly teaching new behaviors
What is partial or intermittent reinforcement
Not reinforced all the time, good for teaching long term behaviors
What is shaping
gradually learn a new behavior by building on what they already know
Teaching complex behavior
Ex) training a dog to roll over
What is observational learning and how it works
the importance of social interaction and observation in learning and emphasizes that behavior can be learned without direct reinforcement, but rather through imitation of others.
What age are kids able to recall memories of trauma?
After 4 years old, under the age of four there’s not enough synapses
What is memory?
The retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes
What area the influence errors in eyewitness testimony
People talk to each other And Suggestibility in questions they are asked
What is a flash bulb memory
A very vivid recollection of something/an event you’ve experienced, or lived through. When we are involved in shocking, tragic, scary, exciting, embarrassing or over joyous experience, we tend to remember the experience and details.
“Much like a camera flash”
What is recall
The ability to achieve and reproduce information from your memory system without outside aid
“Straight from memory”- i.e. Essay Test
What is recognition
The ability to recognize and identify items or info that you’ve previously experienced or encountered
i.e. not knowing names but knowing faces
What is the three box memory model
Sensory memory, long term memory and short term memory
What is Milgrims experiment and what was the purpose and what happened?
He tested to see how far people would go to obey authority, even to the lengths of hurting someone and 66% went all the way to the end.
What was the results of Stanford prison experiment
The guards became abusive and authoritarian, while the prisoners became submissive and emotionally distressed.
What is the recent criticism with Zimbardo’s experiment
One participant suggested that he faked a breakdown so he could leave the experiment because he was worried about failing his classes. Other participants also reported altering their behavior in a way designed to “help” the experiment.
What was the Stanford prison experiment
college students became prisoners or guards in a simulated prison environment.
What is group think
psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome
What is conformity
Taking action or adopting attitudes as a result of real or imagined group pressure. Changes in behavior, attitude, values as a result of this pressure.
What was Solomon Asch’s experiment?
studying if and how individuals yielded to or defied a majority group and the effect of such influences on beliefs and opinions.
Why do people conform?
Want to be accepted/fit in
-Don’t want to stand out
-Negatively identified
-Want to be part of a group
-Don’t want to be left out/ ostracized
-Want to avoid getting into trouble
What is diffusion of responsibility
psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to take action or feel accountable for a task when they believe that others are equally capable of doing so.
What is ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, religion, or race is superior to all others.
What is deindividuation
a psychological state in which individuals lose their sense of self-awareness and personal responsibility when they are part of a group.
What is cognitive dissonance?
A state of tension or anxiety that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two thoughts that appear to be inconsistent or they hold a belief that is inconsistent with their behavior
i.e.- When they notice their own hypocrisy
What is fundamental attribution error
The tendency to overestimate personality factors and to underestimate the influence of the situation when explaining someone else’s behaviors—> But NOT when it comes to ourselves
-Leads to prejudiced beliefs
-Discriminatory behaviors
What is Gordon Allport’s research (1954)
Gordon researched the causes and consequences of prejudice and discrimination, wrote a book the nature of prejudice, and proposed contact hypothesis
What are norms or social norms
the unwritten rules or expectations about how individuals should behave in a given group or society.
What is chunking
When one groups small information into larger units or chunks
Ex) Phone numbers
What is semantic memory
Memories of general knowledge
Ex) how many days in a year
What are procedural memories
Memories on “knowing how to do things”
Ex) tie shoes, ride bike
Episodic memories
Memories gained from personal experience
What is decay theory
Memories fade when they are not accessed frequently
Interference theory
You may forget or mix up information of similar items
What is the number of capacity that our memory will hold
Between 5-9 items
What is mnemonics?
Strategies and tricks for improving memory such as the use of a verse or formula
What is maintenance rehearsal
The basic repetition of material to maintain memory for a short while
What is elaborative rehearsal
New information with already stored knowledge and analysis of new information to make it more memorable
What is anterograde amnesia
Can’t form new memories but past memories stay intact
What is retrograde amnesia
Past memories are no longer in tact
What are false memories and how can they emerge from suggestibility
people incorporate external cues or information into their memories that they believe to be real, and distorting their perception of what actually happened.
What are the primary reasons people obey authority?
They are concerned with consequence of not obeying, allocate responsibility to authority, routinizing the task, and wanting to be polite (not rock the boat)
What is motivated forgetting ?
Forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering it is intolerable
What suggestions are given to become better protected by Alzheimer’s disease
Engage is challenging cognitive tasks and building up what’s called a “Cognitive store”
