Exam II Flashcards
What is learning and what it is
Any relatively permanent change in behavior due to previous experience.
What is extinction
The weakening and/or eventual disappearance of a learned response
What is punishment
When something unpleasant occurs or is experienced, after a behavior, it generally weakens the behavior and it makes it less likely to occur
What is reinforcement
When something pleasant occurs or is given to an individual after a behavior and it strengthens a behavior and makes it more likely to reoccur
What is positive punishment?
Punishment of a behavior by the addition or experience of an unpleasant or painful stimulus/experience, and this makes behavior decrease, or less likely to reoccur
Ex) Yelling, raising your voice, spanking, physical punishment, more chores
What is negative punishment?
Punishment of a behavior by the removal or taking away of a pleasurable item/stimulus/ or experience, and this makes behaviors decrease or less likely to reoccur
Ex) Take away phone, take away car privileges, take away my license
What is negative reinforcement
Reinforcement of a behavior by the “removal, escape, or avoidance” of an unpleasant stimulus, or an unpleasant experience or (chore), and it makes behaviors increase or reoccur
Ex) You don’t have to fold laundry or sweep floors
What is positive reinforcement
Reinforcement of a behavior by the “addition” or “experience” of a pleasurable stimulus or pleasurable experience, which should make the behavior reoccur
Ex) Positive words, High fives, Hugs, Pick dinner
What is unconditioned stimulus
An event or thing that naturally, automatically, and reflexively creates a behavioral response. “Food”
What is unconditioned response
A reflexive, automatic, or natural response to a natural stimulus. “Salivate”
What is conditioned stimulus
(Was once neutral) but now creates learned response. “Bell”
What is conditioned response
“Learned Response”- (“Salivation”)
What is stimulus generalization
After conditioning has occurred it is the tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the one in the original conditioning
What are primary reinforcers and examples
A reinforcer that is innately satisfying, a primary reinforcer does not require learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable. Food, water, sleep, and physical touch.
What is continuous reinforcement
Every time behaviors are reinforced every time, and good for quickly teaching new behaviors
What is partial or intermittent reinforcement
Not reinforced all the time, good for teaching long term behaviors
What is shaping
gradually learn a new behavior by building on what they already know
Teaching complex behavior
Ex) training a dog to roll over
What is observational learning and how it works
the importance of social interaction and observation in learning and emphasizes that behavior can be learned without direct reinforcement, but rather through imitation of others.
What age are kids able to recall memories of trauma?
After 4 years old, under the age of four there’s not enough synapses
What is memory?
The retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes
What area the influence errors in eyewitness testimony
People talk to each other And Suggestibility in questions they are asked
What is a flash bulb memory
A very vivid recollection of something/an event you’ve experienced, or lived through. When we are involved in shocking, tragic, scary, exciting, embarrassing or over joyous experience, we tend to remember the experience and details.
“Much like a camera flash”
What is recall
The ability to achieve and reproduce information from your memory system without outside aid
“Straight from memory”- i.e. Essay Test
What is recognition
The ability to recognize and identify items or info that you’ve previously experienced or encountered
i.e. not knowing names but knowing faces
