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A&P I > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Define: tissue

A

A group of cells with a common structure and function

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2
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues and their structures at the microscopic level.

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3
Q

Ectoderm:

A

Outer germ layer
-gives rise to epidermis, NS, exocrine glands

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4
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner germ layer
-forms mucous mem in digestive & respiratory tracts, digestive glands

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

tissue that covers the body, line cavities and forms glands. protective barrier, absorption, secretion and sensation

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6
Q

polarity

A

has distinct atipcal and basal surfaces w diff func.

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7
Q

Intercellular Attachment:

A

Cells are tightly connected by junctions like tight junctions and desmosomes.
-hemidesmosomes

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8
Q

Avascularity

A

lacks blood vessels

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9
Q

high regeneration

A

rapidly replaces cells

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10
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A

protection, selective permeability, sensation & secretions

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11
Q

Classifying Epithelial Tissue:

A

By # of cells
Simple: Single layer of cells.
Stratified: Multiple layers of cells.
Pseudostratified: Appears to have multiple layers but is a singular layer

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12
Q

Epithelial cell shapes

A

Squamous: Thin and flat cells.
Cuboidal: Cube-shaped cells.
Columnar: Tall, column-like cells.
Transitional: Cells that can change shape, found in tissues that stretch.

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13
Q

Cilia:

A

Hair-like projections that move substances across the cell surface.

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14
Q

Microvilli:

A

finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.

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15
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

single layer of cells; functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration

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16
Q

Stratified Epithelium:

A

Multiple layers of cells; functions in protection, found in areas prone to abrasion.

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17
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelium:

A

Appears layered but is actually a single layer. involved in secretion and movement of mucus.

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18
Q

Exocrine glands

A

conn. w epithelium by ducts
-apocrine, holocrine, merocrine

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19
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Release hormones directly into bloodstream w/o ducts (thyroid/adrenal)

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20
Q

Serous secretions

A

Watery fluids rich in enzymes (saliva)

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21
Q

Sebaceous secretions

A

oily substances to lub and protect skin (sebum)

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22
Q

keratinized

A

superficial cells are dead

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23
Q

non-keratinized

A

superficial cells are living

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24
Q

merocrine secretion

A

Secretion released via exocytosis (sweat, salivary) produced in golgi

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25
Q

apocrine secretion

A

apical mem pinches off & becomes secretions (mamm/milk & ceruminous glands/ earwax) damage repaired by glandular cells

26
Q

holocrine secretion

A

secretions released by cells bursting/killing gland
-sebaceous gland
-gland replaced by stem cells

27
Q

ground substance

A

gel-like substance found in connective tissue that fills space btw cells and fibers (GS + protein fibers= extracell matrix)

28
Q

Mesenchyme:

A

found in embryos, ALL CT is from this

29
Q

connective tissue proper

A

loose: areolar, adipose, reticular (more GS)
dense: dense reg, dense irreg, elastic (less GS)

30
Q

supporting CT

A

Cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
bone: compact, spongy

31
Q

fluid CT

A

blood & lymph

32
Q

areolar CT

A

ctp. loose arrangement of collagen & elastic fibers, vascular
-blood vessels

33
Q

adipose CT

A

ctp. adipocytes aka fat, stores energy, insulates body.
-white- stores energy
brown-babies/gen heat

34
Q

reticular CT

A

ctp. meshwork of reticular fibers, fibrocytes & leukocytes
-lymphatic organs

35
Q

Dense Reg CT

A

ctp. tightly packed, PARALLEL fibers, stress in 1 direction
-tendon/ligaments

36
Q

Dense Irreg CT

A

ctp. clumps of collagen in all directions, stress in all dir.
-found in reticular layer (dermis)

37
Q

Elastic CT

A

ctp. branching, densely packed, can stretch & recoil
-trachea

38
Q

perichondrium

A

dense irreg ct that surr. elastic and most hyaline cartilage

39
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

sct. common, surr. perichondrium, found in nose/trachea, costal, fetal skeleton

40
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

sct. weight-bearing, resist compression, irreg protein fibers btw chondrocytes, spare gs, no perichondrium, knee, intervertebral discs

41
Q

elastic cartilage

A

sct. flexible, densely packed elastic fibers, external ear

42
Q

Hemopoietic cells

A

make RBCs

43
Q

Blood

A

fluid ct, transports cells, dissolves matter, plasma=GS

44
Q

Lacunae:

A

cavities within the cartilage matrix that have chondrocytes

45
Q

Fibroblasts

A

star-shaped, long nuclei, produce & maintain GS

46
Q

Adipocytes

A

large, round cells, stores triglycerides

47
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

divides to replace cells, embryonic stem cells

48
Q

macrophages

A

fixed & wandering: eat pathogens and debris

49
Q

mast cells

A

found in blood vessels, release histamine & heparin, inflammation/allergic reactions

50
Q

plasma

A

synthesize disease fighting antibodies

51
Q

leukocytes

A

WBCs: neutrophils- attack bacteria
lymphocytes react against bacteria/toxins

52
Q

cardiac muscle

A

-heart
1 nucleus, striated, invol, branched

53
Q

smooth muscle

A

NO striations, 1 nucleus, fusiform cells (thick in middle, tappered on sides). invol
-digestive, respiratory, urinary tract

54
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, striations, attached to bone, thread-like muscle fibers

55
Q

Binds organs to each other
-supports and protects

A

Areolar tissue

56
Q

Primary germ layers

A

Ectoderm, exoderm, mesoderm

57
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle germ layer
-becomes mesenchyme
-forms ALL CT
-forms epithelial lining of vessels & serous mem

58
Q

Epithelial lining

A

Endothelium (lines vessels) & mesothelium (serosa)

59
Q

Basement membrane

A

Layer btw epithelium & underlying connective tissue

60
Q

3 attachments to BM

A

lamina lucida, lamina densa, reticular lamina

61
Q

3 attachments to BM

A

lamina lucida, lamina densa, reticular lamina

62
Q

Basal surface

A

Surface of an epithelial cell that faces BM

A&P I (4 decks)

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