Exam II

Question 1

Dependent Variable

Answer 1

what is being measured

Question 2

Independent Variable

Answer 2

what explains variability in the DV, assumed to influence DV directly and indirectly, also referred to as predictor, or explanatory factor

Question 3

Confounding variable

Answer 3

The effect of X on Y, after controlling for Z…
Here, Z is a confounder

Question 4

Quantitative Variables

Answer 4

Data expressed in numbers where the numbers have numerical meaning (ex: age, weight, temperature, RBC count)

Question 5

Qualitative Variables

Answer 5

Qualitative variables are those having exact values that can fall into number of separate categories with no possible intermediate levels

Question 6

Nominal Variables

Answer 6

Unordered

Can be dichotomous (aka binary or binomial)
2 categories
-E.G. infected vs. not infected, injured vs. non-injured

…or multichotomous (aka multinomial)
-More than 2 categories
-E.G. blood type, college major

Question 7

Ordinal Variables

Answer 7

Ordered

Can be Score (e.g. birth order)

…Categorical (e.g. social class)

…or Rank
May refer to specific rank within a dataset, as opposed to “score”, which is not limited to a dataset

Question 8

Sampling

Answer 8

Experiments are performed on a representative samples, not whole populations

Question 9

Type I Error

Answer 9

No population effect exists, but a sample effect is detected (false positive)

Question 10

Type II error

Answer 10

Population effect exists, but no effect is detected in sample (false negative)

Question 11

Probability sampling

Answer 11

randomly draw from sample frame

Question 12

Nonprobability sampling

Answer 12

nonrandomly draw from sample frame

Question 13

Sampling frame

Answer 13

those who have a real chance of being selected for the sample

Question 14

Random sampling

Answer 14

every potential individual in the sampling frame has an equal chance of being selected

Question 15

Systematic random sampling

Answer 15

every ith individual out of the entire list is selected

Question 16

Stratified random sampling

Answer 16

individual members of the sampling frame are divided into groups (“strata”) based on specific characteristics

Question 17

Cluster random sampling

Answer 17

sampling frame itself is divided into groups and then clusters are randomly selected

Question 18

Convenience sampling

Answer 18

subjects selected based on ease of recruitment

Question 19

Purposive sampling

Answer 19

subjects recruited from a predetermined group

Question 20

Internal validity

Answer 20

concerns a study’s experimental design

Question 21

External validity

Answer 21

are study results generalizable to the real world?

Question 22

Ecological validity

Answer 22

refers to the applicability of research studies in context-specific environments

Question 23

Content validity (face validity)

Answer 23

outcome comprehensiveness

Question 24

Criterion validity

Answer 24

outcome comparison

Question 25

Construct validity

Answer 25

Convergent
Discriminant
Known groups (different outcomes based on groups)

Question 26

Intratester (aka intrarater aka test-retest)

Answer 26

Will the same rater get the same result over repeated administrations?