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Foundations of Ecology and Diversity > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

symbioses (symbiosis)

A

antagonistic or mutualistic interactions between species that have evolved over time

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2
Q

mutualism

A

-benefits for each participant outweigh their costs
-each organism is acting in its own self-interests

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3
Q

digestive symbiosis

A

-Most animals host microbial symbionts in their digestive systems
-Ungulates need bacteria that can break down complex plant tissues
-Some species use bacteria and fungi outside their digestive systems

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4
Q

obligate mutualism

A

one or both species’ partners cannot survive without each other

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5
Q

facultative mutualism

A

one or both species’ partners can survive without each other

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6
Q

commensalism

A

one partner benefits while the other is neutral

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7
Q

amensalism

A

one partner is harmed while the other is neutral

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8
Q

neotany

A

long-term evolutionary process in which the timing of development is altered to that a sexually mature organism retains the physical characteristics of the juvenile form

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9
Q

bipedalism leads to…

A
  1. free hands, tool usage
  2. manipulate food with hands
  3. carry items with hands instead of mouth, leads to the possible evolution of the human jaw and face
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10
Q

FOXP2 gene

A

-the gene involved in the development of speech and dialect
-a difference in 2 amino acid sequences is the difference between humans and chimpanzees in our ability to form languages

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11
Q

race

A

geographic groups
varies based on natural selection based on sunlight exposure and the presence of vitamin D

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12
Q

what is the genetic variation between Homo Sapiens?

A

our level of DNA variation is 0.1%, or 1 in 1000 base pairs

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13
Q

competition example

A

grass and wildflowers; each species loses the water, nutrients, and access to sunlight that the other takes

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14
Q

predation example

A

arctic foxes and lemmings: foxes benefit from eating lemmings; lemmings lose opportunities to reproduce

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15
Q

herbivory example

A

bison and grass: bison benefit from eating grass; grass loses biomass that is eaten

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16
Q

communities

A

-set of all populations of two or more different species in a given place at a particular time
-populations connected by various interactions and locations
-communities characterized by principal plants and animals

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17
Q

biodiversity

A

key feature of a community; number of species at many levels

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18
Q

species richness

A

number of species in a particular area

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19
Q

species evenness

A

-relative proportions of individual species in a community
-communities with low species evenness are more susceptible to pathogens or environmental change

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20
Q

culture

A

-a body of learned behavior that is socially transmitted among individuals and is passed down from one generation to the next
-has allowed humans to transcend our biological limits
-changes quickly over time
-culture can drive biological evolution

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21
Q

universal grammar

A

all of Earth’s languages are dialects of the same basic language

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22
Q

parasitism example

A

Tapeworms and humans; Tapeworms benefit from absorbing nutrients in human intestine; humans lose nutrients

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23
Q

mutualism example

A

flowers and bees; flowers gain pollination; bees gain nectar and some pollen

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24
Q

commensalism example

A

Egrets and cattle; egrets benefit from insects stirred up by cattle; cattle are unaffected by egrets

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25
Q

facilitation

A

species interact indirectly, one species creates an environment which benefits another

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26
Q

keystone species

A

species with disproportionate effect on communities, a pivotal population

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27
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

species that actively shape the physical environment

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28
Q

disturbances

A

can modify a community’s composition

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29
Q

succession

A

process of species replacing each other in time in a predictable sequence

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30
Q

primary succession

A

colonization of a new area

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31
Q

secondary succession

A

after a disturbance

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32
Q

climax community

A

little further change in species composition of a community, end state of succession

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33
Q

theory of island biogeography

A

number of species that can occupy an island depends on two factors:
- size of island
- distance of island from source colonists

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34
Q

homo naledi

A

-recently discovered in 2013 in South Africa
-235,000-335,000 years ago
-provides evidence that the drive for language/communication is not limited to the human conscience

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35
Q

neoteny is defined as:

A

a long-term evolutionary process in which the timing of development is altered so that a sexually mature organism retains the physical characteristics of the juvenile form

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36
Q

T/F: Humans (Homo sapiens) have the largest brains of all mammals.

A

False

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37
Q

What is a possible selective factor for the evolution of the large human brain?

A

tool use

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38
Q

Human DNA sequences indicate that, on average, about _____ base pairs differ among individuals

A

1 in 1000

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39
Q

What is the complimentary base sequence to ATGC?

A

TACG

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40
Q

Temperature, water, nutrients, and toxins are examples of ______ factors of the environment

A

Abiotic and physical

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41
Q

what evolves?

A

populations

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42
Q

given the following factors, what is the size of the sampled population of butterflies:

First day: 100 butterflies captured, marked, and released
Second day: 140 butterflies captured, 20 of which are recaptured

A

700

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43
Q

In exponential growth, the per capita growth rate is:

A

constant

44
Q

a growing population usually shows a _____ age distribution

A

pyramid-shaped

45
Q

small mammals which tend to lose numbers steadily throughout their lives display a _______ survivorship curve

A

Type II

46
Q

Species living where resources are predictable and often produce a lower number of offspring and invest their reproductive resources in just a few better cared for offspring are ___________ strategists and display a ________________ survivorship curve.

a.
r, Type II

b.
r, Type I

c.
K, type III

d.
K, type II

e.
None of the above

A

none of the above

47
Q

Galapagos Lava Lizards, which alter their egg production during times of food stress, are K-Strategies

Question 4 Answer

a.
True

b.
False

c.
Neither, it depends on which strategy is optimal given the risk

A

C

48
Q

In regards to the Anolis lizard, Hispaniola featured unique types of habitats not available on the mainland, allowing the lizards to diversify over time into many new species by __________________

A

adaptive radiation

49
Q

ecology

A

study of relationships of organisms to one another and to the environment; intertwined with evolution

50
Q

ecological relationships

A

sustain a flow of energy and materials from the sun, earth, oceans, and atmosphere, through organisms, which carbon and other elements eventually return to the environment

51
Q

abiotic

A

factors involve nonliving aspects of the environment

52
Q

biotic

A

factors are living organisms

53
Q

what are the three key features of a population:

A
  1. size
  2. range
  3. density
54
Q

distribution can be…

A

-random
-clustered
-uniform

55
Q

Mark-and-recapture equation

A

N=(C/R)*M
C=total # of marked and unmarked
R=# of recaptured
M=# marked on the first day

56
Q

How do we determine population size?

A

affected by birth, death, immigration and emigration
-delta N/ delta t=change in population size

57
Q

continuous growth

A

-organisms reproduce when sexually mature, population increases/decreases continuously
-exponential growth

58
Q

exponential growth

A

-typical of small populations with abundant resources
-continuous growth

59
Q

discrete growth

A

-population size increases/decreases in one discrete step at the beginning of each new generation
-leads to intraspecific and interspecific competition

60
Q

carrying capacity

A

-the maximum number of individuals of a given species that a habitat can support. Known as the K value
-when a population approaches K its rate of growth will slow because of limited resources or stress on the population, increasing the mortality rate

61
Q

logistic growth

A

-pattern of population growth that results as growth potential slows down, as the population size approaches K
-results in an S curve

62
Q

age structure

A

the number of individuals within each age group

63
Q

demography

A

study of size, structure, and distribution of populations over time, including changes in population due to birth, death, aging, and migration

64
Q

cohort

A

a group defined as the individuals born at a given time

65
Q

survivorship

A

proportion of individuals from initial cohort that survive to each successive lifecycle stage

66
Q

Type I survivorship

A

most humans and other large mammals survive their early years and show a steep decline in the last part of their life-span

67
Q

Type II survivorship

A

Small mammals and birds tend to lose numbers steadily throughout their lives

68
Q

Type III survivorship

A

many fish, frogs, and herbaceous plants do not survive the earliest period of life, but those that do survive show only slow addition declines over time

69
Q

r-strategist

A

produce large numbers of offspring but do not provide resources or support for their offspring

70
Q

k-strategist

A

produce few young but invest considerable resources for their support

71
Q

life history

A

resource investment in each state of life
-growth, maintenance, reproduction, defenses

72
Q

local populations

A

-typically separated in space and connected via immigration between habitat patches
-local populations in habitat patches make up a metapopulation

73
Q

habitat patch

A

a bit of habitat that is separated by other bits of habitat by an inhospitable environment

74
Q

metapopulation

A

large population made up of smaller populations linked by occasional movements of individuals between them

75
Q

island

A

any habitat patch that is surrounded by substantial expanse of inhospitable environment

76
Q

endemic species

A

found nowhere else on the planet

77
Q

what is the best definition of a niche?

A

the combination of a species’ physical habitat and its ecological role in that habitat

78
Q

T/F: the term “niche” and “habitat” are basically interchangeable

A

False

79
Q

Some of the best evidence that organisms can live beyond the ranges they actually occupy comes from studies of _________________

A

Invasive species

80
Q

All interactions involve ____________ and _______________.

A

costs, benefits

81
Q

competitive exclusion

A

the idea that two spcies cannot occupy the exact same niche at the same time

82
Q

niche

A

-combination of a species’ physical habitat and its ecological role in that habitat
-encompass the ways organisms interact with other species and how they affect resources in a habitat
-determined by physical (abiotic) and biological factora (biotic) based on species interaction

83
Q

G. Evelyn Hutchinson

A

-Niche is a multidimensional habitat that allows a species to practice its way of life

84
Q

Niches have a dual nature in which they…

A
  1. reflect where organisms occur
  2. what they do in their niche
85
Q

fundamental niches

A

full range which permits individuals to live

86
Q

realized niche

A

actual habitat, fundamental is usually smaller than realized

87
Q

phylogenetic niche conservation (PNC)

A

-tendency of a species to retain aspects of ancestral niches and therefore for closely related species to resemble each other in niches
-closely related species share similar niches

88
Q

interactions are either….

A

indirect or direct

89
Q

direct interactions

A

species physically interact

90
Q

indirect interactions

A

competition over resources

91
Q

antagonisms

A

interactions in which at least one participant loses more than it gains

92
Q

competition

A

interactions in which the use of a mutually needed resource by one individual group or individuals lowers the availability of that resource to another individual or group

93
Q

intraspecific competition

A

between individuals of the same species, related to the carrying capacity of a habitat

94
Q

interspecific competition

A

between individuals of different species, leads to the development of niches

95
Q

competitive exclusion

A

-two species cannot occupy the exact same niche at the same time
-how fundamental niches are reduced to a realized niche

96
Q

resource partitioning

A

-division of resources by different species living in the same habitat can minimize competition, allowing for two or more species to coexist
-driven by competitive exclusion

97
Q

predation

A

-one organism consumes another
-a 1 to 1 relationship between predator and prey, species is unstable, predator will over-exploit prey, leading to both species becoming extinct

98
Q

parasites

A

live in close association with another species, gains nutrition by consuming their hosts’ tissues

99
Q

herbivory

A

consumption of plant parts, benefits the herbivorous animal by providing nutrients, harms plant by directloy affecting products and photosynthesis

100
Q

__________________ is an interaction when the benefits for each participant outweigh their costs.

a.
Competition

b.
Predation

c.
Parasitism

d.
Commensalism

e.
None of the above

A

none of the above

101
Q

Which of the types of interactions between species is a “Lose-Lose” between the species

a.
Competition

b.
Predation

c.
Herbivory

d.
Mutualism

e.
None of the above

A

competition

102
Q

T/F: Associations between species are fixed; once established they do not change unless one species goes extinct

A

false

103
Q

Approximately, a tenfold increase in island size results in a _______________ of species diversity.

a.
Decrease

b.
90% increase

c.
Doubling

d.
Evolution

e.
None of the above

A

doubling

104
Q

theory of island biogeography

A

the number of species that occupy an island depends on the island size and distance from source colonists

105
Q
A

Foundations of Ecology and Diversity (3 decks)

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