Exam I

Question 1

speciation

Answer 1

essential for producing new and distinct forms of life

Question 2

species

Answer 2

here is not an absolute, concrete definition for species as it a concept which is constantly evolving with time

Question 3

Biological Species Concept

Answer 3

Species are groups of actual or potential interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups.

Question 4

Morphospecies concept

Answer 4

members of the same species usually look alike

Question 5

hybridization

Answer 5

exchanging genes with other species in their genera/interbreeding between species

Question 6

hybrid offspring

Answer 6

the progeny of between two different species/subspecies, the result of hybridization

Question 7

Ecological Species Concept

Answer 7

species characterized by their niche

Question 8

niche

Answer 8

the complete description of the role the species plays in its environment

Question 9

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Answer 9

involves members of species deriving from one common ancestor and all facing a common fate (extinction)

Question 10

pre-zygotic

Answer 10

isolation factors act before the fertilization of an egg

Question 11

behaviorally isolated

Answer 11

individual mate based upon behaviors (courtship, songs, etc).

Question 12

gametic isolation

Answer 12

incompatibilities between the gametes of two species

Question 13

Mechanical isolation

Answer 13

incompatibility with the genitalia configuration

Question 14

temporal isolation

Answer 14

isolated from eachother based on behavioral patterns

Question 15

geographic isolation

Answer 15

occurs when plants/animals are physically separated from one another

Question 16

post-zygotic

Answer 16

isolation factors act after the fertilization of an egg

Question 17

genetic incompatibility

Answer 17

mating between two organisms with different numbers of chromosomes

Question 18

speciation

Answer 18

the development of reproductive isolation between populations; an evolutionary process

Question 19

partial reproductively isolated

Answer 19

not truly a separated species, produce hybrid offspring with limited variability and fertility

Question 20

allopatric speciation

Answer 20

populations that are geographically separated from one another

Question 21

subspecies

Answer 21

partial reproductive isolation

Question 22

dispersal

Answer 22

individuals colonize a distant place

Question 23

vicariance

Answer 23

a geographic barrier arises, usually easier to study because we can date when the separation arose

Question 24

peripatric speciation

Answer 24

a few individuals from a mainland population disperse to a new location; a form of allopatric speciation

Question 25

mainland population

Answer 25

the central population of a species

Question 26

island population

Answer 26

separate population from the original population and evolves separately

Question 27

adaptive radiation

Answer 27

unusually rapid evolutionary diversification due to many different opportunities

Question 28

co-speciation

Answer 28

two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other and at the same time

Question 29

sympatric speciation

Answer 29

Speciation/gene flow occur in the same geographical population

Question 30

disruptive selection

Answer 30

which allows for two genetically distinct sub-population within the population, but does not allow for intermediates

Question 31

Darwin's Postulates

Answer 31

1. All organisms show variation 2. All species produce more offspring that can survive 3. Individuals with favorable traits will tend to survive and reproduce, passing favorable traits to offspring 4. Result is a change toward favorable traits in the population 5. Over time, this leads to populations becoming adapted to their environment

Question 32

positive selection

Answer 32

increasing the frequency of an advantageous allele

Question 33

negative selection

Answer 33

natural selection that decreases the frequency of a deleterious allele

Question 34

intersexual selection

Answer 34

males compete for attention from females

Question 35

intrasexual selection

Answer 35

males compete against each other directly for access to mating with females

Question 36

genetic drift

Answer 36

random change in allele frequency from generation to generation

Question 37

bottleneck effect

Answer 37

large population is reduced to a few individuals

Question 38

founder effect

Answer 38

small number of individuals arrive on an island and colonize it

Question 39

migration

Answer 39

movement of individuals from one population to another

Question 40

gene flow

Answer 40

movement of alleles from one population to another

Question 41

mutation

Answer 41

any heritable change in genetic material

Question 42

nonrandom mating

Answer 42

individuals choose mates according to genotypes

Question 43

inbreeding depression

Answer 43

a reduction in offspring fitness caused by deleterious homozygoic genotypes

Question 44

molecular evolution

Answer 44

populations diverge genetically, differences at the molecular level in DNA amongst species

Question 45

molecular clock

Answer 45

correlation between time two species have been evolutionarily separated and the amount of genetic divergence

Question 46

we understand human's rise to existence through:

Answer 46

comparative anatomy molecular analysis fossil records

Question 47

Ardi

Answer 47

ardipithecus ramidus Ethiopia 4.4 mya

Question 48

lucy

Answer 48

Australopithecus afarensis Ethiopia 3.2 mya

Question 49

scientific name of common ancestor?

Answer 49

orrorin tugenesis

Question 50

Scientific name of Hominins that colonized areas of Asia

Answer 50

Homo ergaster

Question 51

multiregional hypothesis

Answer 51

implies different homo ergaster populations in Africa and Eurasisa evolved to each produce Homo sapiens over 2 mya

Question 52

out of Africa hypothesis

Answer 52

all modern Homo sapiens are descended from an African common ancestor from about 200,000 years ago

Question 53

1 to 4% of every non African is derived from...

Answer 53

H. neanderthalensis