Exam II Flashcards
(39 cards)
“Milk, cereal, candy. “Your roommate begins reciting items as you get ready to leave to the store. He continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up: “Spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and ice- tea mix.” You forget a few things, but the spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and ice-tea mix are in the bag. Your memory for these items reflects the_____ effect.
a. serial order
b. list memory
c. recency
d. primacy
c. recency
A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule
a. by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being constant.
b. by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
c. that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
d. by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
c. that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
A fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule
a. by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
b. by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
c. by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.
d. that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
a. by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
A typical multiple-choice question on a psychology test is an example of both a_____ and an_____ test of memory.
a. recall; explicit
b. recall; implicit
c. recognition; explicit
d. recognition; implicit
c. recognition; explicit
According to Piaget, when an infant recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight, the infant has understood the principle of
a. formal operations.
b. object permanence.
c. reversibility.
d. conservation.
b. object permanence.
Albert Bandura’s perspective on learning is referred to as a(n)________ approach to learning because of its reliance on observation of others.
a. latent
b. classical conditioning
c. social cognitive
d. operant conditioning
c. social cognitive
Discrimination refers to
a. a negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members.
b. the consideration of individuals for their personal qualities and not their membership in a group.
c. a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members.
d. behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.
d. behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.
Dr. Isonzo notices several students nodding in agreement as he lectures. Subsequently, his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate. The students have provided________ reinforcement.
a. secondary
b. neutral
c. conditioned
d. positive
d. positive
Identify a true statement about flashbulb memories.
a. They can be easily recalled and with vivid imagery.
b. They are generally less accurate than memories for more mundane events because of the emotion surrounding the original event.
c. They are a result of special encoding mechanisms for emotionally charged events.
d. They are remarkably accurate, even years after the initial event.
a. They can be easily recalled and with vivid imagery.
If you are exhibiting the self-serving bias, which statement would be your most likely explanation for a poor grade on the test?
a. “I am not very good at this subject.”
b. “I did not study hard to get a good grade.”
c. “The professor does not know how to teach.”
d. “In general, I am not very smart.”
c. “The professor does not know how to teach.”
In rehearsal, as long as a piece of information is repeated, it
a. is retained in sensory memory.
b. undergoes a high level of analysis and processing.
c. is maintained in short-term memory.
d. acts as a retrieval cue for recalling purposes.
c. is maintained in short-term memory.
In the context of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, identify a true statement that supports his interactionist position on the nature–nurture issue.
a. He suggested that movement from one stage to the next occurs when a child reaches an appropriate level of maturation and is exposed to relevant types of experiences.
b. He stressed the role of heredity and maturation—the unfolding of biologically predetermined patterns of behavior—in producing developmental change.
c. He proposed that our genetic inheritance predisposes us to respond in particular ways to our environment and even to seek out particular kinds of environments.
d. He maintained that the stages of development differed only in the quantity of information acquired at each stage and not in the quality of knowledge and understanding.
a. He suggested that movement from one stage to the next occurs when a child reaches an appropriate level of maturation and is exposed to relevant types of experiences.
In the context of the Ainsworth strange situation, which of the following is true about a baby’s reaction?
a. A securely attached child is likely to continue showing signs of distress when his or her mother returns after a brief absence.
b. An avoidant child is unlikely to show any concern when his or her mother leaves the room.
c. A disorganized-disoriented child is unlikely to avoid eye contact when approaching his or her mother.
d. An ambivalent child is likely to exhibit consistent behavior toward his or her mother when she returns after a brief absence.
b. An avoidant child is unlikely to show any concern when his or her mother leaves the room.
In the process of chunking, information is grouped and stored in
a. procedural memory.
b. semantic memory.
c. sensory memory.
d. short-term memory.
d. short-term memory.
Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Now, back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are best thought of as________ stimuli.
a. normative
b. unconditioned
c. neutral
d. conditioned
d. conditioned
Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a(n)_____ memory.
a. procedural
b. episodic
c. declarative
d. semantic
a. procedural
Memories of which we are not consciously aware of but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior are called________ memories.
a. subliminal
b. implicit
c. internal
d. subconscious
b. implicit
Psychologists use the term________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.
a. “cognition”
b. “growth”
c. “maturation”
d. “learning”
d. “learning”
Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences are called
a. halo effects.
b. algorithms.
c. images.
d. schemas.
d. schemas.
Social psychology is the scientific study of
a. how people’s perceptions are affected by their environment.
b. changes in humans over their lifespan.
c. how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
d. unconscious processes.
c. how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
The distinction between long- and short-term memory
a. is somewhat artificial.
b. is supported by the distinction between declarative memory and procedural memory.
c. is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage.
d. has failed to gain empirical support in memory research.
c. is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage.
The foot-in-the-door technique works because
a. of the effectiveness of the norm of reciprocity.
b. an incentive, discount, or bonus is always offered.
c. involvement with the small request is likely to lead to an interest in an issue.
d. the first large request is always refused, and the smaller request is accepted.
c. involvement with the small request is likely to lead to an interest in an issue.
The likelihood that an individual will help someone in an emergency situation is________ correlated with the number of other people present.
a. curvilinearly
b. negatively
c. positively
d. not
b. negatively
The primacy effect refers to the fact that
a. items in a list which have the greatest emotional impact are those with the greatest likelihood of recall.
b. items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list.
c. items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented earlier.
d. the most important items in a list are remembered better than the less important items.
b. items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list.
