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MLT 240- Special Clinical Microbiology > Exam I Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam I Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Are fungi classified as eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

What is the structural element that comprises a fungus?

A

hyphae

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3
Q

Which class of fungi has non-septate mycelium?

A

zygomycetes

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4
Q

Why are certain fungi classified as “Fungi Imperfecti”?

A

They do not exhibit sexual reproduction, sexual phase is undiscovered; Deuteromycetes

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5
Q

How does the function of reproductive mycelia differ from that of vegetative mycelia?

A

Vegetative grows below the surface of the medium and anchor the fungus; digestive enzymes
Reproductive projects above the surface of the medium where reproductive structures are located-spores

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6
Q

To which class do most pathogenic fungi belong?

A

Deuteromycetes

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7
Q

What term best describes the nutritional characteristics of fungi?

A

Heterotrophic/Saprotrophic

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8
Q

Are fungi aerobi or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

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9
Q

What is the best medium for the primary isolation of fungi?

A

Sabourad’s (w/ dextrose)

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10
Q

What is the purpose of corn meal agar?

A

nutritionally deprives the organism so it will sporlate

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11
Q

How long should routine fungal cultures be held before being discarded?

A

4 weeks

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12
Q

What three things does the counting medium lactophenol cotton blue do?

A

lactic acid-preserves fungal structures
phenol-reduces contamination of the environment
cotton blue-stains hyaline fungal structures

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13
Q

When a systemic mycosis has spread to various organs, what term is used to describe it?

A

disseminated

systemic

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14
Q

What organism is best described as a thick-walled yeast cell with buds attached by a broad base?

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

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15
Q

Which systemic fungus is always a yeast?

A

Cryptococcus

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16
Q

How is histoplasmosis acquired?

A

inhalation of spores from free-living fungus; infect reticuloendothelial system(RES)

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17
Q

Name five species of dimorphic(diphasic) fungi.

A 
Blastomyces
Histoplasma
Paracoccidiodes
Sporotrichosis 
Coccidiodes
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18
Q

Which systemic fungus produces thick-walled yeast cells with multiple buds in tissue?

A

Paracoccidiodes braziliensis

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19
Q

Which fungus can be observed as a non-budding, thick-walled spherule containing endospores in a direct smear from the body?

A

Coccidiodes imitis

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20
Q

Which fungus produces spiny, tuberculate macroconidia when cultured, but in the body can be seen as intracellular, yeast-like cells with a large vacuole in the cells of the RE system?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

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21
Q

Cryptococcosis is usually seen as a disease of which body system?

A

pulmonary

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22
Q

Which systemic fungus is most fastidious(difficult to grow) in the lab?

A

Histoplasma

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23
Q

What systemic fungus causes San Jaquian Valley Fever?

A

Coccidiodes

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24
Q

Which systemic fungus causes South American blastomyces?

A

Paracoccidiodes

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25
Q

Which stain is best to use to demonstrate Cyrptococcus neoformans in CSF?

A

India Ink

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26
Q

Which systemic fungus is endemic in Piedmont, NC and can produce a primary pulmonary infection or a primary skin infection which resembles ringworm?

A

Blastomyces

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27
Q

Which systemic fungus produces chains of arthrospores and can be confused with the saprophytic fungus Geotrichum candidum?

A

Coccidiodes imitis

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28
Q

What is the macroscopic appearance of Sporothrix scheneckii at 37degrees?

A

yeast phase: soft, smooth, white to cream color, tan colonies

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29
Q

Phialophora
Fonsecaea
Cladosporium

A

Dematiaceous fungi

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30
Q

Which subcutaneous infection produces yeast-like brown cells in clusters in the body?

A

Chromomycosis

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31
Q

What is the most common cause of maduromycosis?

What color are the granules that are frequently found in the pus?

A

Petriellidum boydii

yellow to whitish

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32
Q

What fungus produces tear-shaped conidia arranged in rosettes at 25 degrees and yeast cells at 37 degress, and cause a disease common among gardeners know as “rose fever”?

A

Sporothrix scheneckii

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33
Q

Cladosporium carrionii
Phialophora verucosa
Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Fonsecaeo compacta

A

Cause Chromomycosis

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34
Q

Which organisms can cause mycetomas(fungal tumors)?

A

Allechria Boydii
Madurella mycetomatis
Petrielldieum

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35
Q

An organism which produces brown, branching septate hyphae would be classified as what type of fungus?

A

Dematiaceous fungi

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36
Q

Fungus infecting the dermis, keratinized areas of the body such as hair, skin and nails

A

Dermatophytes

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37
Q

What device can be used as an aid to select hairs infected with ringworm?

A

Wood’s Light

UV light

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38
Q

What type of hair infection is characterized by empty areas or tunnels where the hyphae have degenerated visible throughout the entire length of the hair?

A

Favic

39
Q

What combination of fungal media would be best to use to culture the dermatophytes?

A

SabsC and Myosel (acid pH)

40
Q

Which three genera of fungi all cause true ringworm of the skin?

A

Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

41
Q

What fungus appears velvety white on the front and mahogany on the reverse and will NOT grow on sterile unfortified rice grains?

A

Microsporum audouinii

42
Q

What fungus is the most common cause of ringworm in dogs and cats and is characterized by a canary yellow reverse and spiny, spindle-shaped macroconidia?

A

Microsporum canis

43
Q

What fungus is most frequently isolated from human ringworm infections and has a deep red reverse pigmentation?

A

Trichophyton rubrum

44
Q

What structures are frequently observed in Trichophyton cultures?

A

spiraled/coiled hyphae
nodular bodies
racket hyphae

45
Q

As a rule, which dermatophyte does NOT infect nails?

A

Microsporum audouinii

46
Q

Which dermatophyte is the most common cause of epidemic scalp ringworm in American school children?

A

Trichophyton tonsurans

47
Q

What fungus cause tinea versicolor?

A

Malassezia furfur

Pityrosporon furfur

48
Q

What fungus is the most common cause of tinea cruris?

A

Epidermatophyton floccosum

49
Q

What term is used to refer to ringworm of the skin?

A

tinea corporis

50
Q

What dermatophyte gives a positive in vitro hair test?

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

51
Q

Which dermatophyte produces sterile, antler-like hyphae referred to as favic chandliers and causes severe type of ringworm of the scalp called favus?

A

Trichophyton schoenleinii

52
Q

Which dermatophyte does not invade the hair and produces oval, smooth walled club-shaped macroconidia and NO microconidia?

A

Epidermophyton floccosum

53
Q

Which dermatophyte is the most common cause of ringworm of cattle and requires both inositol and thiamine to grow well?

A

Trichophyton verrucosum

54
Q

How is Candida albicans identified?

A

germ tube test

confirmation of chlamydospore production on corn meal agar

55
Q

Which fungus is the most common and troublesome laboratory contaminant and is the most pathogenic of the opportunistic fungi?

A

Aspergillis

56
Q

If an autopsy revealed systemic infection by fungus with broad, branching non-septate hyphae, which species of fungus could be a likely cause of death?

A

Mucor/rhizopus

57
Q

Which fungus commonly produces oval budding cells with pseudohyphae and will produce chlamydospores on cornmeal agar?

A

Candida albicans

58
Q

Brown gritty deposits in a sputum specimen are indicative of what genus?

A

Aspergillis

59
Q

What clinical conditions can be caused by Candida albicans?

A

thrush, foamy diarrhea, monilia, type of pneumonia, endocarditis, mycotic keratitis, endopthalmitis

60
Q

Which species of opportunistic fungi can be causative agents of eye infections?

A

Altenaria
Curvularia
Fusarium

61
Q 
Which species of Rickettsia causes epidemic typhus?
Scrub typhus?
Q fever?
Rickettsial pox?
RMSF?
A 
Prowazekii
R. tsutsugamuschi
coxiella burnetti
R. akari
R. ricketssi
62
Q

How do Rickettsia and Chlamydia differ?

A

Chlamydia is smaller, they are not dependent on arthropod vectors for their transmission; are more spherical

63
Q

What clinical conditions can be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

inclusion conjungtivitis
trachcoma
NGU

64
Q

How is psittacosis spread to humans?

A

birds; aerosol inhalation

65
Q

How are Rickettsial infections diagnosed in the laboratory?

A

Giemsa stain

Weil-Felix reaction

66
Q

What causes the rash that is frequently observed in Rickettsial infections?

A

invasion of endothelial cells of blood vessels

67
Q

What are the characteristics of viruses?

A

obligateintracellular parasites
composed of protein and nucleic acid; RNA or DNA not both
seen with electron microscope
doesn’t respond to antibiotics

68
Q

What term is used to refer to the viral nucleic acid core together with its protein coat?

A

nucleocapsid

69
Q

What is the order of events in the process of viral infection?

A 
adsorption
penetration
viropexis(engulfed)
replication
assembly
release
70
Q

What is interferon?

A

*prevents viral replication

protein produced by cells that are already infected with a virus that protects adjacent, non-infected cells

71
Q

Which virus produces an acute respiratory infection and is commonly found in increased incidence in military camps?

A

Adenoviruses

72
Q

Which virus is the causative agent of the common cold?

A

Rhinovirus

73
Q

Which type of virus is referred to as “virus in search of a disease”?

A

ECHO

enteric cytopathogenic human orpahn

74
Q

Negri bodies are characteristics of which virus?

A

Rhapdovirus-rabies

75
Q

Which virus causes chicken pox?

A

Varicella-Zoster

76
Q

With what clinical conditions is EBV associated?

A

infectious mono

Burkitt’s lymphoma

77
Q

Which virus produces large, red intranuclear inclusions?

A

CMV-cytomegalovirus

78
Q

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route

79
Q

Herpes-Zoster(shingles) occurs in patients who have a history of what other viral infection?

A

Varicella-Zoster -chicken pox

80
Q

What are the characteristics of Hep B?

A

serum hep - transmitted by blood

blood contact by IV users, drug addicts

81
Q

How many serotypes of polio virus are there?

A

3

82
Q

Which vaccines have been developed against polio?

A

Salk

Sabin

83
Q

Which virus has been associated with cancer of the cervix and causes genital lesions in humans?

A

HSV-2

84
Q

Which fungus is most frequently isolated in the clinical laboratory?

A

Candida albicans

85
Q

The _____ test is a serological test used in the identification of Rickettsia that employs three antigens of the bacteria ____ that cross-react with rickettsial antigens.

A

Weil-Felix reaction

Proteus vulgaris

86
Q

What virus is associateed with severe congenital abnormalities in the fetus if the mother becomes infected during her first trimester?

A

Rubella- german measles

87
Q

What “emerging” viral pathogen causes an upper respiratory tract infection in infants and young children?

A

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

88
Q

To what group of viruses does HIV belong?

These viruses have no DNA and possess what enzyme that is capable of converting RNA to DNA?

A

Retrovirus

reverse transcriptase

89
Q

Name two disease processes that are common in HIV patients that are rarely seen in “normal” individuals.

A

Cryptosporidium
CMV
toxiplasmosis

90
Q

prowazekii (epidemic typhus) vector

A

body louse

91
Q

tsutsugamuschi (Scrub typhus) vector

A

larvae mite

92
Q

akari (rickettsial pox) vector

A

mite

93
Q

coxiella burnetti (Q fever) vector

A

no vector

94
Q

rickettsi (RMSF) vector

A

wood tick

MLT 240- Special Clinical Microbiology (5 decks)

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