Exam I Phil of SCI

Question 1

Moritz Schlick

Answer 1

there is no advancement in philosophy, just history
philosophy doesn’t make discoveries

Question 2

what group are the logical positivists

Answer 2

the Vienna circle; Schlick, Henpel, Nervath, Fiegl

Question 3

Observational vs theoretical knowledge

Answer 3

sensation and reality

Question 4

Wittgenstein

Answer 4

purpose of philosophy is to clarify thoughts, its an activity not a theory

Question 5

Sensationalists believe

Answer 5

we only have access to our external world through senses

Question 6

Ding an sich

Answer 6

the state of a thing

Question 7

What is the basis for the search of meaning in philosophy

Answer 7

analytic/synthetic distinction: true by definition, verified by the world

Verifiability; have meaning if testable

Question 8

problems with empiricism;

Answer 8

external world skepticism (Berkely): we only know sensations, not necessarily the world

Inductive skepticism (David HUme); Why should past influence the future

Question 9

Rationalists believe

Answer 9

that knowledge can be gained from reasoning

Question 10

Main themes of logical positivism

Answer 10

analytic/synthetic distinction:
Verifiability meaning of meaning:
against a priori “knowledge”

Question 11

deductive knowledge

Answer 11

truth w certainty

Question 12

inductive knowledge

Answer 12

support for conclusions but no guarantee to knowledge

Question 13

Analytical vs synthetic

Answer 13

a priori and a posteriori (known via logic and science)

Question 14

Quine

Answer 14

holism
can’t test things in isolation
no claims are immune to revision

Question 15

Who says you can’t get to the true nature of the universe?

Answer 15

positivists

Question 16

Problem of induction

Answer 16

The past may not resemble the future

Question 17

deductive claims..

Answer 17

are assessed in terms of validity
are true if their premise is true

Question 18

Inductive claims are…

Answer 18

assessed in terms of strength
and rely on the Principal of Uniform Nature

Question 19

HUme

Answer 19

Inductive arguments are TRASH

inductive cant be proven by deductive claims and inductive cant support inductive bc its circular

Principal Uniformity of Nature is GARBAGE

Question 20

Hume’s Fork

Answer 20

2 types of knowledge
relation of ideas; true by definition
Matters of Fact; true if proven empirically (contingent)

Question 21

Principle of Uniformity of Nature

Answer 21

Future will resemble the past and it should be framed in two ways;
time for a change or more of the same

Question 22

explanatory inference;

Answer 22

inference to the best explanation

Question 23

Hypothetico deductive model;

Answer 23

deductions confirm hypothesis

Question 24

Problem with hypithetico deduction model?

Answer 24

claim can support X, but is can necessarily support anything else

Question 25

Goodman

Question 26

Popper

Answer 26

Conjecture and refutation Falsificationism confirmation is a myth

Question 27

Peter Godfrey Smith

Answer 27

Popper is bad at differentiating science and pseudo-science

Question 28

Pierre Duhem

Answer 28

people have two knowledges: concrete: how we see the world abstract: theories and math hypothesis never test a claim in isolation, everything is connected so the knowledge you get isn't completely true

Question 29

Ruse

Answer 29

creation science isn't science!

Question 30

Larry Lauden

Answer 30

creationism is bad science and proposes the 5 essential properties of science science is searching empirically, using that info, testing, and falsifying, and predicting based off all that

Question 31

Kuhn and normal science

Answer 31

Science makes progress during paradigm shifts, which happen when scientifically anomalies build up and a better paradigm is there to replace it.

Question 32

What are the broad and narrow views of a paradigm?

Answer 32

broad: ideas and methods which make up a way of viewing and doing science narrow: exemplar science, and particular achievements in science

Question 33

normal science

Answer 33

science done w/in a paradigm; organized popper doesn't like this

Question 34

revolutionary science during crises and normal science learning differences

Answer 34

revolutionary science: porogress unclear, hard to tell normal; clear and easy to tell when it happens

Question 35

Incommensurability

Answer 35

definitions change or are lost as paradigms shift, so science completely changes during paradigm shifts

Question 36

Robert Merton

Answer 36

science is like all other social endeavors, subjective and not better than anything else. We should turn to sociology to explain science

Question 37

norms of science

Answer 37

science is universalist, communal, disinterested in personal biases, and has organized skepticism

Question 38

What is the reward for science?

Answer 38

Recognition

Question 39

Strong Program

Answer 39

radical view of Kuhn; establishes the symmetry principle; science is not different from other social endeavors, and is a refutable as myth. (more radical than Robert Merton) --also associated with relativism (no one solution to the world)

Question 40

The problem of reflexivity

Answer 40

relativism can be used on itself

Question 41

Shapint Chaffer

Answer 41

science is manufacturing facts

Question 42

LAtour Woolgar

Answer 42

scientists hide what they do and create knowledge

Question 43

Marjorie Greene

Answer 43

Science is produced by a community; members are independent, requires education, constitutes a network of communities that do science as an activity