Exam I - Oxygenation

Question 1

ventilation

Answer 1

movement of air in and out of the lungs

Question 2

diffusion

Answer 2

movement of gases between alveoli and bloodstream

Question 3

Perfusion

Answer 3

transport of oxygenated blood to the cells and tissues

Question 4

surfactant

Answer 4

phospholipid decreasing the pressure needed to open the alveoli and prevent them from collapsing

Question 5

compliance

Answer 5

ability of the lungs to distend/expand in response to increased intraalveolar pressure

Question 6

tidal volume

Answer 6

amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration

Question 7

residual volume

Answer 7

amount of air left in alveoli after a full expiration

Question 8

forced vital capacity

Answer 8

max amount of air that can be removed from lungs during forced expiration

Question 9

hypoxemia

Answer 9

abnormal deficiency in the concentration of oxygen in arterial blood

Question 10

hypoxia

Answer 10

state of inadequate tissue oxygenation

Question 11

hypoventilation

Answer 11

decrease in respiratory rate; occurs when ventilation is inadequate to meet o2 demands of body or have it eliminate co2

Question 12

hypercapnia

Answer 12

arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) level greater than 45 mmHg

Question 13

hyperventilation

Answer 13

increase in respiratory rate resulting in excess amounts of CO2 elimination

Question 14

cardiac output

Answer 14

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute (4-8 L/min in healthy adult)

Calculation: CO = SV x HR

Question 15

stroke volume

Answer 15

amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each contraction; determined by preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility

Question 16

cardiac index

Answer 16

measure of adequacy of the cardiac output

Question 17

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

Answer 17

normal ECG wave w P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and T wave (ventricular repolarization).

Question 18

myocardial ischemia

Answer 18

occur when coronary artery does not supply sufficient blood to the myocardium

Question 19

myocardial infarction

Answer 19

when myocardial ischemia leads to tissue becoming necrotic

Question 20

left sided heart failure

Answer 20

char. by impaired fn of left ventricle

Question 21

systolic heart failure

Answer 21

inability of the ventricle to adequately eject blood

Question 22

diastolic heart falure

Answer 22

inability of ventricle to relax and fill w blood during diastole

Question 23

orthopnea

Answer 23

difficulty breathing while lying down

Question 24

dysrhythmia

Answer 24

disturbance in the formation or conduction of the heart’s electrical impulse

Question 25

hypovolemia

Answer 25

reduced circulating blood volume resulting from extracellular fluid losses

Question 26

right-sided heart failure

Answer 26

results from impaired fn of right ventricle, which is typically caused by pulmonary disease or pulmonary hypertension

Question 27

atelectasis

Answer 27

collapsed alveoli

Question 28

dyspnea

Answer 28

subjective feeling of breathlessness or observable laboured breathing w shortness of breath; clinical sign of hypoxia/hypoxemia

Question 29

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Answer 29

occurs when pt is sleeping

Question 30

wheezing

Answer 30

high pitched musical sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a narrowed airway

Question 31

productive cough

Answer 31

produces sputum that is swallowed or expectorated

Question 32

hemoptysis

Answer 32

bloody sputum

Question 33

humidification

Answer 33

adding moisture to inspired air

Question 34

nebulization

Answer 34

suspends a maximum number of water drops/particles of desired size in inspired air using aerosol principle

Question 35

chest physiotherapy (CPT)

Answer 35

external chest wall manipulation got helping pts mobilize pulmonary secretions

Question 36

postural drainage

Answer 36

use of positioning techniques to drain secretions from specific segments of the lungs and bronchi into the trachea for expectoration

Question 37

chest percussion

Answer 37

manual external clapping of pt's chest w cupped hands over lung segments being drained

Question 38

vibration

Answer 38

gentle shaking psi applied to chest wall only during exhalation to shake secretions into larger airways.

Question 39

high-frequency chest wall compression (HFCWC)

Answer 39

inflatable vest that loosens and removes secretions from airway by delivering high-frequency, small-volume expiratory pulses to a pt's external chest wall

Question 40

chest tube

Answer 40

catheter inserted through ribcage into pleural space to remove air, fluids, or blood; to prevent air/fluid from reentering pleural space; or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intraplumonic pressures.

Question 41

pneumothorax

Answer 41

collapse of the lung caused by collection of air or other gas in the pleural space

Question 42

tension pneumothorax

Answer 42

occurs from rupture in pleura when air accumulates in pleural space more rapidly than it is removed; life-threatening

Question 43

hemothorax

Answer 43

accumulation of blood in pleural space, usually as result of trauma

Question 44

pleural effusions

Answer 44

occur when fluid enters pleural space in response to infection, inflammation, or cancer.

Question 45

eupnea

Answer 45

12-20 breaths/ min

Question 46

tachypnea

Answer 46

>20 breaths/min

Question 47

bradypnea

Answer 47

<10 breaths/min

Question 48

apnea

Answer 48

periods of no respiration >20s

Question 49

kussmaul

Answer 49

>35 breaths/min

Question 50

Cheyne-stokes

Answer 50

periods of increasing depths of breathing followed by period of apnea

Question 51

ataxic or biot

Answer 51

irregular respirations of varying depths w irregular periods of apnea