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Pharmacology: Exam I > Exam I Medications > Flashcards

Exam I Medications Flashcards

1
Q

What should be prescribed for serious cases of Otitis Externa?

A

fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin

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2
Q

What are the most commonly prescribed medications for Otitis Externa?

A

ciprofloxacin/hydrocortisone

ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone

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3
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Anti-Infective without Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

Other: Fluoroquinolone; use in serious cases

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4
Q

Ofloxacin

A

Anti-Infective without Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

Other: Fluoroquinolone; use in serious cases

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5
Q

Neomycin

A

Anti-Infective without Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

Other: risk for oxotoxicity, causes contact dermatitis (itchy rash), never use with perforated eardrums or tubes in your ears

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6
Q

Bacitracin

A

Anti-Infective without Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

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7
Q

Mupirocin

A

Anti-Infective without Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

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8
Q

polymyxin B/neomycin/bacitracin

A

Anti-Infective without Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

Other: OTC; Neomycin - causes contact dermatitis (itchy rash), never use with perforated eardrums or tubes in your ears

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9
Q

Ciprofloxacin/Hydrocortisone

A

Anti-Infective with Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

Other: most commonly used medication for Otitis Externa, fluoroquinolone - serious cases

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10
Q

Ciprofloxacin/Dexamethason

A

Anti-Infective with Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

Other: most commonly used medication for Otitis Externa, fluoroquinolone - serious cases

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11
Q

Hydrocortisone/Neomycin/Polymyxin B

A

Anti-Infective with Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

Other: Neomycin - causes contact dermatitis (itchy rash), never use with perforated eardrums or tubes in the ears

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12
Q

Hydrocortisone/Neomycin/Colistin

A

Anti-Infective with Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

Other: Neomycin - causes contact dermatitis (itchy rash), never use with perforated eardrums or tubes in the ears

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13
Q

Chloroxylenol/Pramoxine/Hydrocortisone

A

Anti-Infective with Steroids

Treats: Otitis Externa

Route: Topical

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14
Q

Acetic Acid/Aluminum Acetate

A

Acid-Alcohol Solution

Treats: Otitis Externa; superficial infections of the external auditory canal

Route: Topical

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15
Q

Acetic Acid/Propylene Glycol

A

Acid-Alcohol Solution

Treats: Otitis Externa; superficial infections of the external auditory canal

Route: Topical

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16
Q

Acetic Acid/Propylene Glycol/ Hydrocortisone

A

Acid-Alcohol Solution

Treats: Otitis Externa; superficial infections of the external auditory canal

Route: Topical

Other: note presence of steroid - anti-inflammatory, antipruritis, and anti-allergenic

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17
Q

Isopropyl Alcohol/Glycerine

A

Acid-Alcohol Solution

Treats: Otitis Externa; superficial infections of the external auditory canal

Route: Topical

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18
Q

Isopropyl Alcohol/Propylene Glycol

A

Acid-Alcohol Solution

Treats: Otitis Externa; superficial infections of the external auditory canal

Route: Topical

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19
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Antibiotic

Treats: Acute Otitis Media

Route: Oral

Other: drug of choice for Acute Otitis Media; tastes good (kids)

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20
Q

Amoxicillin/Clavulanate

A

Antibiotic

Amoxicillin with B-lactamase coverage that is necessary if a patient has had Amoxicillin recently or has had a previous Amoxicillin resistance

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21
Q

Cerumenolytics

A

cerumen softening agents

aimed at softening and removing ear wax from the external auditory canal

water based, oil based, nonwater/nonoil based

contraindications: perforated eardrums or tubes

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22
Q

95% isopropyl alcohol and 5% anhydrous glycerin

A

solution to treat water-clogged ears

Auro Dri drops

FDA approved

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23
Q

50:50 acetic acid (5%) and isopropyl alcohol (95%)

A

solution to treat water-clogged ears

recommended by American Academy of Otolaryngology

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24
Q

Carbamide Peroxide 6.5% in Anhydrous Glycerin

A

Cerumenolytic

Treats: Cerumen Impaction

Route: Otic Drops

Other: bubbling sound can occur; could cause tympanic membrane damage if used for more than 4 days

Directions:
Children - 1-5 drops per ear twice daily (4 days max)
Adults - 5-10 drops per ear twice daily (4 days max)

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25
Q

Triethanolamine Polypeptide Oleate

A

Cerumenolytic

Treats: Cerumen Impaction

Route: Otic Drops

Directions: fill ear canal with drops, flush with water (ear wax should come out with water)

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26
Q

1:1 solution of warm water and 3% hydrogen peroxide

A

Cerumenolytic

not an effective drying agent

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27
Q

Glycerin

A

emollient (softening and soothing to the skin), humectant (retains and preserves moisture)

may facilitate the removal of ear wax

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28
Q

Olive Oil aka Sweet Oil

A

Cerumenolytic

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29
Q

Proparacaine 0.5% Solution

A

Ophthalmic Anesthetic (amino ester)

Purpose: Numbs the Eye

Route: Topical

Excretion: bile

Half-life: shortest of three

Other: toxic if systemically absorbed

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30
Q

Tetracaine 0.5% Solution

A

Ophthalmic Anesthetic (amino ester)

Purpose: Numbs the Eye

Route: Topical

Excretion: bile

Half-life: longest of three

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31
Q

Lidocaine

A

Ophthalmic Anesthetic (amino amide)

Purpose: Numbs the Eye

Route: Topical

Half-life: intermediate of three

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32
Q

Sulfacetamide

A

Ophthalmic Anti-infective

MOA: inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate synthesis, bacteriostatic

Effective Against: E-coli, Klebsiella, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

can cause irritation

make sure patient doesn’t have a sulfa allergy

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33
Q

Tobramycin, Gentamicin

A

Ophthalmic Anti-infective

MOA: aminoglycosides, bacteriocidal

Effective Against: broad-spectrum aminoglycoside

Other: gentamicin can cause irritation

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34
Q

Bacitracin

A

Ophthalmic Anti-infective

MOA: bacteriostatic, inhibits incorporation of amino acids and nucleotides

Effective Against: many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

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35
Q

Erythromycin

A

Ophthalmic Anti-infective (ointment)

MOA: bacteriostatic, prevents protein synthesis in bacteria

Effective Against: Strep pyrogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. Viridans, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Other: recommended for infants and children: good coverage, easier to administer than drops, and is well-tolerated

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36
Q

Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, etc.)

A

Ophthalmic Anti-infective

MOA: inhibit DNA synthesis of bacteria

Effective Against: Staphylococci, S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, some Enterobacter, some Pseudomonas

Other: recommended for contact wearers (broad-spectrum)

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37
Q

Polymixin B

A

Ophthalmic Anti-infective

MOA: high affinity for phospholipids in cell wall, causing cell wall permeability to increase, killing bacteria

Effective Against: many gram-negative bacteria

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38
Q

Nedocromil 2% Solution

A

Ophthalmic Mast Cell Stabilizer

Route: Topical

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39
Q

Cromolyn Sodium 4% Solution

A

Ophthalmic Mast Cell Stabilizer

Route: Topical

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40
Q

Iodoxamide 0.1% Solution

A

Ophthalmic Mast Cell Stabilizer

Route: Topical

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41
Q

Azelastine

A

Ophthalmic Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

Route: Topical

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42
Q

Epinastine

A

Ophthalmic Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

Route: Topical

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43
Q

Emedastine

A

Ophthalmic Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

Route: Topical

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44
Q

Ketotifen

A

Ophthalmic Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

Route: Topical

Other: prescribed often

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45
Q

Levocabastine

A

Ophthalmic Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

Route: Topical

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46
Q

Olopatadine

A

Ophthalmic Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

Route: Topical

Other: prescribed often

47
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictor/Decongestant

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

can precipitate angle-closure glaucoma

48
Q

Naphazoline

A

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictor/Decongestant

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

ocular decongestant of choice

49
Q

Tetrahydrozoline

A

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictor/Decongestant

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

less likely to alter pupil size, may cause stinging

50
Q

Oxymetazoline

A

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictor/Decongestant

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

is relatively free of ocular or systemic side effects

51
Q

Naphazoline + Pheniramine

A

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictor/Decongestant and Ocular Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

52
Q

Naphazoline + Antazoline

A

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictor/Decongestant and Ocular Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Conjunctivitis and Keratitis

53
Q

Cellulose Derivatives (Carboxymethylcellulose)

A

Artificial Tears

Treats: Dry Eyes

enhanced duration compared to other products

tends to form eye crusts

54
Q

Polyvinyl Alcohol (glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, polysorbate 80)

A

Artificial Tears

Treats: Dry Eyes

shorter duration

no crust formation

55
Q

Povidone and Dextran 70

A

Artificial Tears

Treats: Dry Eyes

can cause transient stinging and burning

56
Q

Lanolin, mineral oil, petrolatum, white ointment, white wax, yellow wax

A

Ocular Emollients

Treats: Dry Eyes

usually ointments, can be in liquid formulations

can cause blurry vision, but remain in the eye longer

more expensive versions last longer

57
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Restasis

polycyclic peptide that inhibits interleukin-2 (needed for T-cell activity) - immunosuppressant

Treats: Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca - suppressed tear production due to occular inflammation process

adverse effects: burning sensation, eye discomfort

expensive

not first line; only prescribe under specialist recommendation

58
Q

Sodium Chloride (2-5%)

A

used to treat corneal adema

59
Q

Cyclopentolate 0.5, 1, or 2% Solution

A

Pupillary Dilation Agent

25-75 minutes for peak effect; lasts 6-24 hours

60
Q

Homatropine 1 or 5% Solution

A

Pupillary Dilation Agent

lasts 24-72 hours

61
Q

Tropicamide

A

Pupillary Dilation Agent

20-30 minutes for peak effect; lasts 2-7 hours

62
Q

Fluorescein

A

used to detect corneal defects and abrasions

yellow, water-soluble dibasic-acid xanthine dye

does not stain cornea, but will appear bright green/yellow on corneal abrasion or defect (fluoresces under ultraviolet spectrum)

not absorbed, can stain contacts

63
Q

Latanoprost

A

Prostaglandin Analogue

Treats: Glaucoma - increase outflow of aqueous humor (1st line)

Route: Topical

Adverse Reactions: Iris pigmentation, eyelid darkening, lengthening eyelashes, intraocular inflammation, keratitis, macular edema, hyperemia

Most Common Side Effect: Hyperemia

expensive

most commonly prescribed

64
Q

Bimatoprost

A

Prostaglandin Analogue

Treats: Glaucoma - increase outflow of aqueous humor (1st line)

Route: Topical

Adverse Reactions: Iris pigmentation, eyelid darkening, lengthening eyelashes, intraocular inflammation, keratitis, macular edema, hyperemia

Most Common Side Effect: Hyperemia

65
Q

Tafluprost

A

Prostaglandin Analogue

Treats: Glaucoma - increase outflow of aqueous humor (1st line)

Route: Topical

Adverse Reactions: Iris pigmentation, eyelid darkening, lengthening eyelashes, intraocular inflammation, keratitis, macular edema, hyperemia

Most Common Side Effect: Hyperemia

66
Q

Travoprost

A

Prostaglandin Analogue

Treats: Glaucoma - increase outflow of aqueous humor (1st line)

Route: Topical

Adverse Reactions: Iris pigmentation, eyelid darkening, lengthening eyelashes, intraocular inflammation, keratitis, macular edema, hyperemia

Most Common Side Effect: Hyperemia

67
Q

Unoprostone

A

Prostaglandin Analogue

Treats: Glaucoma - increase outflow of aqueous humor (1st line)

Route: Topical

Adverse Reactions: Iris pigmentation, eyelid darkening, lengthening eyelashes, intraocular inflammation, keratitis, macular edema, hyperemia

Most Common Side Effect: Hyperemia

68
Q

Timolol

A

Beta Blocker

Treats: Glaucoma - decrease aqueous humor production

Adverse Reactions: bradycardia, stinging, bronchospasm (hard to breath), depression, fatigue, ocular dryness

systemic absorption may lower blood pressure and heart rate

69
Q

Carteolol

A

Beta Blocker

Treats: Glaucoma - decrease aqueous humor production

Adverse Reactions: bradycardia, stinging, bronchospasm (hard to breath), depression, fatigue, ocular dryness

systemic absorption may lower blood pressure and heart rate

70
Q

Levobunolol

A

Beta Blocker

Treats: Glaucoma - decrease aqueous humor production

Adverse Reactions: bradycardia, stinging, bronchospasm (hard to breath), depression, fatigue, ocular dryness

systemic absorption may lower blood pressure and heart rate

71
Q

Metipranolol

A

Beta Blocker

Treats: Glaucoma - decrease aqueous humor production

Adverse Reactions: bradycardia, stinging, bronchospasm (hard to breath), depression, fatigue, ocular dryness

systemic absorption may lower blood pressure and heart rate

72
Q

Betaxolol

A

Beta Blocker

Treats: Glaucoma - decrease aqueous humor production

Adverse Reactions: bradycardia, stinging, bronchospasm (hard to breath), depression, fatigue, ocular dryness

systemic absorption may lower blood pressure and heart rate

LEAST LIKELY TO CAUSE ADVERSE EFFECTS - CARDIOSELECTIVE

73
Q

Brimonidine

A

Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist

Treats: Glaucoma - decreases aqueous humor production, maybe increases outflow

Adverse Reactions: ocular allergy, somnolence, bitter taste, dry mouth, systemic hypotension, irregular heart rate

taken 2-4 times a day - can be difficult to remember to take

74
Q

Apraclonidine

A

Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist

Treats: Glaucoma - decreases aqueous humor production, maybe increases outflow

Adverse Reactions: ocular allergy, somnolence, bitter taste, dry mouth, systemic hypotension, irregular heart rate

taken 2-4 times a day - can be difficult to remember to take

75
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

Treats: Glaucoma - deceases aqueous humor production

Route: TABLET (systemic side effects) - used less often

Adverse Reactions: ocular irritation, sour taste

Contraindication: sulfa allergy

Reacts with: aspirin, cyclosporine, lithium, and phenytoin

76
Q

Dorzolamide

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

Treats: Glaucoma - deceases aqueous humor production

Adverse Reactions: ocular irritation, sour taste

Contraindication: sulfa allergy

77
Q

Brinzolamide

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

Treats: Glaucoma - deceases aqueous humor production

Adverse Reactions: ocular irritation, sour taste

Contraindication: sulfa allergy

78
Q

Methazolamide

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

Treats: Glaucoma - deceases aqueous humor production

Route: TABLET (systemic side effects) - used less often

Adverse Reactions: ocular irritation, sour taste

Contraindication: sulfa allergy

79
Q

Dichlorphenamide

A

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

Treats: Glaucoma - deceases aqueous humor production

Adverse Reactions: ocular irritation, sour taste

Contraindication: sulfa allergy

80
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Direct-Acting Cholinergic

Treats: Glaucoma - opens canal of Schlemm by activating parasympathetic response, which makes pupils smaller

Adverse Reactions: blurred vision, poor night vision, eye pain, headache

81
Q

Carbachol

A

Direct-Acting Cholinergic

Treats: Glaucoma - opens canal of Schlemm by activating parasympathetic response, which makes pupils smaller

Adverse Reactions: blurred vision, poor night vision, eye pain, headache

82
Q

Echothiophate

A

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic

Treats: Glaucoma - opens canal of Schlemm by activating parasympathetic response, which makes pupils smaller - prevents breakdown of acetylcholine

Adverse Reactions: blurred vision, poor night vision, eye pain, headache

long half-life; irreversible

83
Q

Timolol + Dorzolamide

A

Beta Blocker + Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

Treats: Glaucoma

use twice daily

84
Q

Mannitol, Glycerin

A

Short-term Emergent Glaucoma Treatment

hyperosmotic

causes blood to be hypertonic compared to intraocular and spinal fluids; pulls water from the intraocular and spinal areas to the bloodstream

can be used to interrupt acute attack of close-angle glaucoma or hypertensive crisis

severe side effects: headache, back pain, diuresis, circulatory overload, pulmonary edema, and cerebral hemorrhage

85
Q

Beclomethasone

A

Intranasal Corticosteroid

reduce ocular symptoms, nasopharyngeal itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea

decrease influx of inflammatory cells, inhibit release of cytokines, which reduce inflammation of mucosa

onset is less than 30 minutes

need to be taken for 2-4 weeks for max efficacy

more effective than antihistamines in persistent and more severe cases

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation

86
Q

Budesonide

A

Intranasal Corticosteroid

reduce ocular symptoms, nasopharyngeal itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea

decrease influx of inflammatory cells, inhibit release of cytokines, which reduce inflammation of mucosa

onset is less than 30 minutes

need to be taken for 2-4 weeks for max efficacy

more effective than antihistamines in persistent and more severe cases

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation

87
Q

Ciclesonide

A

Intranasal Corticosteroid

reduce ocular symptoms, nasopharyngeal itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea

decrease influx of inflammatory cells, inhibit release of cytokines, which reduce inflammation of mucosa

onset is less than 30 minutes

need to be taken for 2-4 weeks for max efficacy

more effective than antihistamines in persistent and more severe cases

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation

88
Q

Flunisolid

A

Intranasal Corticosteroid

reduce ocular symptoms, nasopharyngeal itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea

decrease influx of inflammatory cells, inhibit release of cytokines, which reduce inflammation of mucosa

onset is less than 30 minutes

need to be taken for 2-4 weeks for max efficacy

more effective than antihistamines in persistent and more severe cases

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation

89
Q

Fluticasone Fluroate

A

Intranasal Corticosteroid

reduce ocular symptoms, nasopharyngeal itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea

decrease influx of inflammatory cells, inhibit release of cytokines, which reduce inflammation of mucosa

onset is less than 30 minutes

need to be taken for 2-4 weeks for max efficacy

more effective than antihistamines in persistent and more severe cases

more common

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation (NO ALCOHOL IN THIS)

90
Q

Fluticasone Propionate

A

Intranasal Corticosteroid

reduce ocular symptoms, nasopharyngeal itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea

decrease influx of inflammatory cells, inhibit release of cytokines, which reduce inflammation of mucosa

onset is less than 30 minutes

need to be taken for 2-4 weeks for max efficacy

more effective than antihistamines in persistent and more severe cases

more common

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation (NO ALCOHOL IN THIS)

91
Q

Mometasone

A

Intranasal Corticosteroid

reduce ocular symptoms, nasopharyngeal itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea

decrease influx of inflammatory cells, inhibit release of cytokines, which reduce inflammation of mucosa

onset is less than 30 minutes

need to be taken for 2-4 weeks for max efficacy

more effective than antihistamines in persistent and more severe cases

more common

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation

92
Q

Triamcinolone Acetonide

A

Intranasal Corticosteroid

reduce ocular symptoms, nasopharyngeal itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea

decrease influx of inflammatory cells, inhibit release of cytokines, which reduce inflammation of mucosa

onset is less than 30 minutes

need to be taken for 2-4 weeks for max efficacy

more effective than antihistamines in persistent and more severe cases

more common

Adverse Effects: bitter aftertaste, burning, epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness, possible systemic absorption, stinging, throat irritation (NO ALCOHOL IN THIS ONE)

93
Q

Chloropheniramine

A

First Generation Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Rhinitis

causes sedation
older
dosed more often
more effective than 2nd generation

94
Q

Brompheniramine

A

First Generation Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Rhinitis

causes sedation
older
dosed more often
more effective than 2nd generation

95
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

First Generation Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Rhinitis

causes sedation
older
dosed more often
more effective than 2nd generation

96
Q

Clemastine

A

First Generation Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Rhinitis

causes sedation
older
dosed more often
more effective than 2nd generation

97
Q

Loratidine

A

Second Generation Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Rhinitis

newer
lasts 24 hours
non-sedative

98
Q

Cetrizine

A

Second Generation Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Rhinitis

newer
lasts 24 hours
can cross BBB and cause sedation in 1/10

most effective 2nd generation

99
Q

Fexofenadine

A

Second Generation Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Rhinitis

newer
lasts 24 hours
non-sedative

100
Q

Desloratadine

A

Second Generation Antihistamine

Treats: Allergic Rhinitis

newer
lasts 24 hours
non-sedative

more expensive

101
Q

Azelastine

A

Intranasal Antihistamine

treat symptoms of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and congestion

blocks H1 receptors

15 min onset

BID dosing

Adverse Reactions: bitter aftertaste, headache, nasal irritation, sedation, epistaxis (fewer due to topical administration)

102
Q

Olopatadine

A

Intranasal Antihistamine

treat symptoms of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and congestion

blocks H1 receptors

15 min onset

BID dosing

Adverse Reactions: bitter aftertaste, headache, nasal irritation, sedation, epistaxis (fewer due to topical administration)

103
Q

Azelastine/fluticasone

A

Intranasal Antihistamine/Corticosteroid combination

expensive

104
Q

Phenylephrine

A

“Oral Decongestant”

cheap version of sudafed (Sudafed PE) that is sold OTC

low bioavailability - doesn’t really work

BUT

GOOD TOPICAL DECONGESTANT

105
Q

Pseudoephedrine

A

Oral Decongestant

relieves rhinorrhea

real Sudafed - have to get from pharmacist, not OTC

106
Q

Oxymetazoline

A

Topical Decongestant

relieves rhinorrhea

107
Q

Cromolyn

A

Intranasal Mast Cell Stabilizer

prevent and treat allergic symptoms: itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea

prevent mast cells from releasing histamine

dosed 4-6 times a day (not first choice)

side effects: nasal irritation, nasal burning, stinging, sneezing, cough, unpleasant taste, epistaxis

108
Q

Ipratropium

A

Intranasal Anticholinergic

reduce rhinorrhea

block acetylcholine receptors

15 minute onset

adverse effects: epistaxis, headache, nasal dryness

dosed 2-3 times a day

prevent parasympathetic response -> less mucous

109
Q

Montelukast

A

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist

reduce ocular symptoms, sneezing, rhinorrhea

block leukotriene receptors

adverse reactions: elevated levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, bilirubin

may be useful for patients with asthma - reduces bronchospasm and attenuates inflammatory response

110
Q

Codeine

A

Antitussive

Treats: Cough

Route: Oral

narcotic

centrally mediated (medulla of the brain) suppression of the cough; binds to opioid receptors, producing analgesia, sedation, and cough suppression

for night cough - causes sedation

side effects: sedation, nausea, constipation

avoid alcohol

converted to active form (morphine) by CYP2D6; rapid metabolizers could overdose

prodrug

111
Q

Hydrocodone

A

Antitussive

Treats: Cough

narcotic

suppresses medulla of the brain - binds to opioid receptors, producing analgesia, sedation, and cough suppression

for night cough

side effects: sedation, respiratory depression, constipation

avoid alcohol

do not use for children under 12

112
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Antitussive (OTC)

Treats: Cough

centrally mediated (at medulla) suppression of cough - elevates threshold of cough reflex

for nonproductive cough

side effects: drowsiness, GI effects

drug interactions - MAO inhibitors

crosses BBB

prodrug

113
Q

Guaifenesin

A

Exporant

Treats: Cough

thins mucus to enhance clearance

side effects: GI discomfort

increase fluid intake

114
Q

Sore Throat/ Cough Remedies

A

saline gargle
sprays, lozenges (benzocaine, dyclonine, phenol, menthol)
honey
lots of water

Pharmacology: Exam I (4 decks)

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