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Anatomy > Exam I: General Concepts > Flashcards

Exam I: General Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Contralateral – Ipsilateral

A

Used in terms of neurons
Contralateral: neuron starting on one side and switching to the opposite side
Ipsilateral: neuron continuing to run on the same side

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2
Q

Dorsal Body Cavities

A

Cranial and Vertebral

posterior

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3
Q

Ventral Body Cavities

A

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic separated by the diaphragm
Thoracic contains: pleural, mediastinum, pericardial, and superior mediastinum
Abdominopelvic contains: abdominal and pelvic

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4
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Two membrane system (although only made of one membrane like the balloon example)
Parietal: lines the cavity wall
Visceral: lines the organ
Serous: fluid in between the parietal and visceral

Pericardial: Heart
Pleural: Lungs
Peritoneal: Abdominal
Retroperitoneal: Behind the abdomen

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5
Q

Cephalic

A

head

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6
Q

Frontal

A

forehead

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7
Q

Orbital

A

eye

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8
Q

Buccal

A

cheek

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9
Q

Mental

A

chin

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10
Q

Nasal

A

nose

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11
Q

Oral

A

mouth

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12
Q

Cervical

A

neck

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13
Q

Deltoid

A

shoulder

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14
Q

Axillary

A

armpit

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15
Q

Brachial

A

arm

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16
Q

Antebrachial

A

forearm

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17
Q

Antecubital

A

front of elbow

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18
Q

Coxal

A

hip

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19
Q

Carpal

A

wrist

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20
Q

Palmar

A

palm

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21
Q

Digital

A

finger

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22
Q

Femoral

A

thigh

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23
Q

Patellar

A

knee

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24
Q

Crural

A

leg

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25
Q

Pes/Pedal

A

foot

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26
Q

Tarsal

A

ankle

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27
Q

Dorsum of the foot

A

top of the foot

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28
Q

Pubic

A

pubic area

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29
Q

Inguinal

A

groin

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30
Q

Pelvic

A

pelvis area

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31
Q

Abdominal

A

abdomen

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32
Q

Mammary

A

breast

part of thoracic section

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33
Q

Pectoral

A

chest

part of thoracic section

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34
Q

Sternal

A

sternum

part of thoracic section

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35
Q

Otic

A

ear

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36
Q

Occipital

A

back of head

37
Q

Vertebral

A

spinal column

38
Q

Olecranal

A

elbow

39
Q

Sacral

A

sacrum

40
Q

Gluteal

A

buttock

41
Q

Dorsum of the hand

A

top of the hand

42
Q

Calcaneal

A

heel

43
Q

Popliteal

A

back of the knee

44
Q

Perineal

A

anything between the legs; anus, reproductive structures

45
Q

Lumbar

A

lower back

46
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Supports: soft tissues and provides attachment for skeletal muscles
  2. Protects: internal organs
  3. Movement: assists in movement with skeletal muscles
  4. Storage: store and releases minerals
  5. Blood Cell Production (Hematopoiesis): bone marrow gives rise to blood cells; spleen and liver involved
47
Q

Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

A

Axial: skull, vertebrae, and ribs
Appendicular: appendages, pelvis

48
Q

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, and Sesamoid Bones

A

Long Bones: greater length than width

Short Bones: cube-shaped, equal in length and width

Flat Bones: thin and composed of two nearly parallel plate of compact bone

Irregular Bones: cannot be placed into any other group; complex shapes.

Sesamoid Bones: small nodules of bone that are found in certain tendons, and not really connected to other bones ex. patella

49
Q

Parts of a Long Bone

A

Diaphysis- middle/shaft
Epiphysis- end of bone
Metaphysis- between the diaphysis and epiphysis
Medullary Cavity- contains the spongy bone/blood vessels (can be red or yellow marrow)
Endosteum- lining the inside of the bone/medullary cavity
Periosteum- covering the outside of the bone
Articular Cartilage- cartilage outside of the epiphysis to decrease friction between sliding bones

50
Q

Cells of Bone

A

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which then become surrounded in the secreted matrix and become osteocytes
Monocytes (phagocytic) differentiate into osteoclasts, which are made of fused marrow cells

51
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Occurs when osteoblasts produce bones of the skull
Mesenchymal models of bones undergo ossification
1. Start in mesenchymal tissue where osteoblasts are converting to osteocytes once surrounded by the hardened matrix
2. Other osteoblasts spread out into the surrounding mesenchymal tissue to ossify it
3. Cartilage and mesenchymal tissue don’t need blood/vasculature, but once enough bone formed, then new vessel formation to supply it with blood/nutrients
4. Once the bones are finished, we have compact and trabecular bone right in the center with blood vessels
5. Outside have periosteum with osteoprogenitor cells in case need them to differentiate

52
Q

Endochondrial Ossification

A

Forms from cartilage models via hyaline cartilage
Bone forms in ossification centers
1. Invasion of cartilage with blood vessels so cells can enter= primary ossification center with bone collar surrounding it
2. Once the cartilage is gone, the blood vessel in the primary ossification center wants to expand towards the ends- epiphysis have secondary ossification centers and we start to form the medullary cavity
3. We have the epiphyseal plate between the primary and secondary ossification centers so the bone can continue to grow
4. Once the epiphyseal plates divides to its extent, then it disappears and develops into a solid line

53
Q

Interstitial vs. Appositional Bone Growth

A

Interstitial: growth occurs longitudinally
Appositional: widening of bone using osteoblasts and osteoclasts to expand the shaft and increase the diameter of the medullary cavity

54
Q

Blood Supply and Innervation of Bone

A

Arteries: periosteal, nutrient, epiphyseal, and metaphyseal
Nutrient arteryr goes in the medullary cavity that was in the primary ossification center
Metaphyseal and nutrient arteries make a connection in order to supply enough blood

Nerves: pain fibers to periosteum, and vasomotor fibers to blood vessels (control the amount of blood supply to the bones by constriction or dilation

55
Q

Types of Movement

A
  1. Synarthrosis: immovable joint
  2. Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint
  3. Diarthrosis: freely movable joint
56
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  1. Strengthen sutures
  2. Gomphosis: periodontal membrane is the fibrous connection between the tooth and the bone
  3. Syndesmosis: slightly movable joint in which the tibia and fibula are joined together by a membrane of fibrous connective tissue running between the bones
57
Q

Uniaxial Synovial Joints

A

moving in one plane

  1. Gliding/Planar- short bones within the hand (carpal bones)
  2. Pivot- vertebral column with skull (shake head “no”)
  3. Hinge- knee, elbow, fingers, toes; flex or extend
58
Q

Biaxial Synovial Joints

A

Two planes of movement
1.. Condyloid- ovoid articular structure; metacarpal bones in the hand coming back and attaching to metacarpal bones in the wrist; flexion, extention, and medial

  1. Saddle- opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex; 1st metacarpal bones with the carpal bones, especially in thumb
  2. Ball and Socket- arm and shoulder joint
59
Q

Body Planes

A

Frontal/Coronal: divides anterior from posterior
Sagittal: divides body right from left
Transverse: divides body top from bottom

60
Q

Acromial

A

shoulder blade/scapula

61
Q

Hallux

A

Big toe

62
Q

Pollux

A

Thumb

63
Q

Fibular

A

lateral part of the leg

64
Q

Cephalic

A

towards the head

65
Q

Sural

A

back of the leg/calf; made of gastrocnemius and soleus

66
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  1. Synchondroses: connecting medium is hyaline cartilage like the epiphyseal plate
  2. Symphyses: fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones such as the pubic symphyses or intervertebral disc
67
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Gets the most movement
Every synovial joint will have: joint capsule made of the synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid, and fibrous membrane, which covers the whole joint and provides strength
Articular cavity: surrounding the joint capsule on both sides of the cavity we will have cartilage; cavity contains the synovial fluid

Articular disc: look like wedges, ring, or disc of cartilage; area of cartilage for joint to sit on (minicus for example)
Fat pad: inside the capsule to cushion the joint so we don’t irritate the structures beneath it
Tendons with sheath around them (have synovial sheath with synovial fluid to slide back and forth); irritation = tendonitis
Bursa: a membrane bound structure filled with synovial fluid; not the same fluid as the one in the joint to act as a cushion; if we irritate the bursa – bursitis

68
Q

Bicondylar Joints

A

Once we add more plane of movement, more problems can occur because less stability
Shoulders, hips, etc.
Formed by two convex condyles that articulate with a concave or flat surface
Knee joint- sit in concave areas
Still have one axis, but have limited rotation around a second axis

69
Q

Multiaxial Synovial JointsBall-and-Socket

A

Many planes and most movement with a price…. Less stability
Shoulders and hips
Support the structure with many muscles and tendons to add stability

70
Q

Collateral Circulation and Anastromosis

A

Collateral circulation- multiple lines of blood coming into the same area

Anastramosis: main vessels coming down and fuse

Especially larger joints we see these things– if we do damage to one vessel, we have other ones to back it up/supply blood

71
Q

Extension vs. Flexion

A

Flexion: decreasing the angle between the two bones
Extension: increasing the angle between the two bones
Past 180: hyperextension – can do that with your neck

72
Q

Abduction vs. Adduction

A

Adduction: adding to the body– bringing the arm and bringing it to the body
Abduction: moving the arm away, or body part away– subtracting from the body

73
Q

Circumduction

A

Flexion, entension, adduction, and abduction all blended together

74
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

“side bending”

75
Q

Rotation

A

Flexed laterally is out and medially is towards the body

Pivoting the arm (humerus)

76
Q

Dorsiflexion vs. Plantarflexion

A

Plantarflexion: up on the toes where toes are down and heel is up
Doriflexion: where heel is down and toes are up
When you walk you change between plantar and dorsiflexion continuously

77
Q

Inversion vs. Eversion

A

Inversion: soles of feet together so facing each other
Eversion: face soles of the feet outwards
When walking there is slight inversion and eversion

78
Q

Pronation vs. Supination

A

Supination: palms are facing down and turn them up
Pronation: palms are facing up and turn them down

79
Q

Protraction vs. Retraction

A

Protraction: sticking chin out
Retraction: chin in

80
Q

Opposition

A

Pinky to thumb

81
Q

Layers of Muscle

A

Fascia is the more important one between muscle and fascia because it interconnects everything
Epimysium: covering of connective tissue that runs and combines with fascia, tendon, and eventually the bone
Perimysium: around a fascicle
Endomysium: around the muscle fiber

82
Q

Origin, Insertion, and Reference Reversal

A

Origin: is not moving; end of a muscle that is attached to a fixed bone
Insertion: end of a muscle that is attached to the bone that moves
Reference reversal: switch the use of the muscle/use the muscles in the opposite way

83
Q

Ligament, Tendon, Aponeurosis

A

Ligament: attaches bone to bone
Tendon: attachment between muscle and bone; dense regular connective tissue
Aponeurosis: flat tendon such as in the abdomen; are layers of flat broad tendons; are histologically similar to tendons, and are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves

84
Q

Naming of Muscles

A

Muscle action (function)
Specific body region
Muscle attachment: biceps brachii (arm); fibularis (to the fibula), retus capitus major (attaches to the back of the head)
Shape and size: adductor magnus (big muscle); deltoid (shape)
Heads or tendons of origin: quadriceps (4)
Orientation of muscle fibers: how they are running

85
Q

Prime Mover, Synergist, Fixator, and Antagonist

A

Prime mover: the muscle that is contributing the most
Synergist: assist the prime mover; don’t play the biggest role but help
Fixator: provides stability
Antagonist: moves the opposite of the prime mover

86
Q

Motor Unit of a Muscle

A

There are more muscle cells to neurons ratio
Neuron comes into an area and branches off and goes to multiple muscle cells so when the neuron is excited it will excite every muscle cell that is it in contact with

Types of movements that occur depend on the ratios
Smaller movement have smaller ratios
Fine motor control have more neurons to muscle (instead of 1: 10, its 5:10 for example)

87
Q

Basic Concepts of Muscles

A

Movements are performed by GROUPS
Different segments of a muscle can have different actions
Innervated on DEEP surface of belly
Muscle compartments usually share function, attachment, nerves, vessels

88
Q

Fascia

A

Two types: superficial and deep
Function: provide strength, compartmentalization, and ease of movement
Example: In the leg there is a thick fascia = compartmentalize the muscles to help with strength and provide easier movement
Composition: ECM, collagen (structure), elastin (elasticity), and reticular (support)
Cells: fibroblasts, adipose (especially superficially), macrophages, and mast cells

  1. Superficial: broken into (a) superficial (usually the fatty layer especially on abdomen), and (b) deep (membranous)
  2. Deep investing fascia: very thick, cannot tear it; continuous that runs into the joints and muscles
89
Q

Deep Fascia Specializations

A

Fibrous sheath on fingers

Muscle attachment

Neurovascular sheath encased in the fascia
example: carotid nerve sheath in the neck

Retinacula: thick fascia as seen on the hand

Intermuscular septa: divides muscle into sections/compartments

Because it forms compartments, damage can really effect the muscle groups; if blood hemorrhage occurs, there is not a lot of give, so surrounding vessels are closed off from pressure and this causes compartment syndrome and needs fasciectomy to treat it

Anatomy (20 decks)

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