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M2P > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

L designation

A

The stereoisomer of amino acids that are incorporated into proteins in vivi

In Fischer projection, amine group points LEFT

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2
Q

Zwitterion

A

Occurs around physiological pH. Carboxyl group is deprotonated and amino group is protonated

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3
Q

pKa amino acid terminals

A

C -> 2.2

N -> 9.4

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4
Q

L Dopa

A

A Tyrosine derivative drug with an extra hydroxyl on the ring. Used to treat Parkinson’s

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5
Q

Branched chain AA

A

Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine

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6
Q

Histidine (His) (H)

A

Aromatic; pKa of 6; co-ordinates metal ions in hemoglobin

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7
Q

Basic AA

A

Lysine, Arginine

Helps stabilize the negative phosphate backbones of DNA

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8
Q

Phenylalanine (Phe) (F)

A

Aromatic; Promotes efficient stacking of protein (especially in cellular membranes)

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9
Q

Glycine (Gly) (G)

A

Achiral;

Most flexible AA; usually found in tight places and helps avoid steric hindrance

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10
Q

Sulfur Containing AA

A

Met -> Start codon

Cys –> Tertiary structure ( disulfide bridges); can be disrupted by urea/ethanomercaptol

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11
Q

Alcohol Containing

A

Involved in phosphorylation reactions; forms phosphate esters

Involved in protein signaling (glycoproteins)

Ser, Thr, Tyr

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12
Q

Proline (Pro) (P)

A

A pyrollidine heterocyclic;

Forms kinks and tight turns

Found in Elastin (nonhydroxylated)

Found in Fibrous proteins as Hydroxyproline (usually as “x” in Gly-X-Y motif); stabilized triple helix

Found in hairpin loops at the sharp turn (pos 2)

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13
Q

Modified AA

A

4-hydroxyproline and 5-hydroxyglycine help stabilize protein

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14
Q

Vitamin K

A

Essential in coagulation cascade; activated by gamma-carboxyglutamate (modified AA)

Deficiency leads to hemmorhaging

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15
Q

Monoasaccharides

A

Glucose (diabetes/hyperglycemia)

Fructose (fructose accumulation/hypoglycemia)

Galactose (hydrolysis of lactose; mammalian mill synthesis)

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16
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sucrose (1a, 2b linkage); Glucose + Fructose

Lactose (b 1,4 linkage); Glucose + Galactose

Maltose (a 1,4 linkage); Glucose + Glucose

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17
Q

Other saccharine Containing compounds

A

Glycoproteins: Oligo + proteins

Glycolipids: Oligo + lipids

Proteoglycan: Glycosaminoglycan + proteins

18
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Serine and Palmitic acid derivative

Forms ceramides by attaching sphingosine backbone to amino group

19
Q

Gaucher Disease

A

Glucocerebrosidase deficiency

Lysosomal (cellular) accumulation of glucocerebroside in bones, lungs, liver, spleen

20
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

Hexominodase deficiency

Build up of GM2 ganglioside

21
Q

Niaman-Pick Disease

A

Sphingomyelinase deficiency; cherry spots visible in eye

Build up of sphingomyelin

22
Q

Alpha Helices

A

Stabilized by H bonding parallel to helix axis; 3.6 aa/turn

Amphipathic aa are at protein surface; hydrophilic project outwards towards solvent; hydrophobic project onward towards protein core

23
Q

Beta Sheets

A

Parallel (same direction wrt terminals); Antiparallel (opposite directions, stronger interactions) ; Mixed (both)

Stabilized by H bonding

Provide bulk of hydrophobic core due to optimal dense packaging

24
Q

Reverse Turn; Hairpin Loop; Beta Turn

A

Comprised of 4 amino acids; Proline at pos 2 and Glycine at pos 3

Stabilized by H bonding (carbonyl of aa 1 and amide proton of aa 4)

25
Q

Rossman Fold (Super-secondary structure)

A

Several Beta & Beta motifs; A helix connects two parallel Beta sheets

Usually found in glycolysis enzymes

26
Q

Prions

A

Contains only proteins; lacks DNA & RNA

Propagates misfolding of proteins

27
Q

Prion derivative diseases

A

Infection: Mad Cow Diseass

Genetic Mutation: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

28
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Hydrogen (acid/base)
ionic (salt)
Disulfide (urea/mercaptoethanol)
Hydrophobic interactions (detergent)

29
Q

Actin fold

A

Structural domain in G-actin

Region of protein that folds independently; super-secondary structures

30
Q

Triple Helix

A

Common for fibrous proteins

Repeat Gly-X-Y motif; X being Proline and Y being lysine (both hydroxylated)

31
Q

Vitamin C

A

Required for Proline and Lysine hydroxylation; deficiency leads to inadequate X-Y and leads to scurvy

32
Q

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

A

Mutations in formation of Collagen type I and Collagen type III

33
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta *

A

Also known as Brittle Bone Disease

Type I Collagen mutation

34
Q

Elastin

A

Elastic connective tissue in lungs, arterial walls, etc

Composed of small nonpolar AA (G, V, A) as well as P and K

35
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Accumulation of B Amyloid

36
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Deletion of 3 base pairs (phenylalanine at pos 508)

Thick mucus accumulation in lungs

37
Q

Amyloidosis

A

Accumulation of amyloid proteins

Primary amyloidosis –> multiple myeloma

Secondary amyloidosis –> Tuberculosis, Chron’s

Diabetes T2 –> Amyllin in pancreas

Dialysis associated amyloidosis –> Accumulation in blood seen in long term
Dialysis patients

38
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

B globin

39
Q

Huntington’s

A

Poly-Glutamine Repeat

Neurodegenerative

40
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Alpha Synuclein

41
Q

Heat Shock Proteins

A

Cellular levels are increased during elevated temp in order to reduce protein unfolding

HSP60, HSP70, Chaperones

Utilize ATP

42
Q

Histones

A

Alkaline proteins; package DNA into nucleosides and then into dhromatin

Interact with negatively charged phosphate backbones with Lysine + Arginine residues

M2P (2 decks)

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