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Visceral Disorders > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 properties does a routine UA consist of?

A
  1. physical properties
  2. chemical properties
  3. microscopic properties
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2
Q

What is the normal range of daily urine volume?

A

600-2000ml/d

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3
Q

What colors are associated with blood in the urine?

A

smoky, red, pink, brown

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4
Q

What is orange urine associated with?

A

dehydration

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5
Q

What is bright yellow urine associated with?

A

excessive B vitamins

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6
Q

What is brownish yellow/green urine associated with?

A

liver problems

==>check bilirubin and urobilinogen

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7
Q

What is milky urine associated with?

A

hyperlipidemia

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8
Q

What is frothy urine associated with?

A

protein

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9
Q

What does specific gravity test?

A

the kidneys ability to concentrate the urine

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10
Q

What is the normal range in an adult for specific gravity?

A

1.015-1.035

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11
Q

What is hyposthenuria?

A

low specific gravity

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12
Q

What is hypersthenuria?

A

high specific gravity

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13
Q

What is isosthenuria?

A

fixed specific gravity at 1.010

==>can signify end stage renal failure

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14
Q

What are some causes of high SpG?

A
  • dehydration

- decreased renal blood flow

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15
Q

What are some causes of low SpG?

A
  • overhydration
  • pylenonephritis
  • diabetes insipidus
  • renal failure
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16
Q

What is the normal pH of urine?

A

4.5-7.5

17
Q

What are some causes of acidic urine?

A
  • respiratory acidosis
  • metabolic acidosis
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
  • diabetes mellitus
  • large amounts of meats and cranberries
18
Q

What are some causes of alkaline urine?

A 
-respiratory alkalosis
 ==>hyperventilation
-metabolic alkalosis
-UTI
-diet high in veggies and citrus
19
Q

What molecules are associated with acidic urine?

A
  • xanthine
  • cysteine
  • uric acid stones
20
Q

What molecules are associated with alkaline urine?

A
  • calcium carbonate
  • calcium phosphate stones
  • magnesium phosphate stones
21
Q

What should you do if a dipstick comes back as positive?

A

order an SSA to confirm

22
Q

What are some causes of proteinuria?

A
  • UUTI
  • diabetes
  • glomerulonephritis
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • preclampsia
  • trauma
  • strenuous exercise
  • cold exposure
  • dehyrdation
  • febrile illness
23
Q

What is orthostatic proteinuria?

A

normal urine when supine and proteinuria when standing

24
Q

What are some characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • 4+ protein
  • loses large amounts of protein
  • urine appears frothy white
  • severe edema
  • associated w/toxins
25
Q

When should a Bence Jones test be run?

A
  • on patients with a 4+ protein

- when multiple myeloma is suspected

26
Q

What is the renal threshold value range?

A

140-180 mg/dl

27
Q

Elevated serum conjugated bilirubin is an indicator of what?

A

liver dysfunction or biliary obstruction

28
Q

Elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin is an indicator of what?

A

pre-hepatic issue

  • anemia’s
  • excessive RBC breakdown
29
Q

What is leukocyte esterase?

A

screening test to detect WBC

30
Q

Which crystals are alkaline?

A
  • amorphous phosphates
  • calcium carbonate
  • triple phosphate
31
Q

Which crystals are acid?

A
  • calcium oxalate

- uric acid

32
Q

Which amino acids indicate severe liver disease?

A
  • tyrosine
  • leucine
  • cysteine
33
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis if the UA results contain multiple epithelial cells, positive bacteria and everything else normal?

A

-contamination

==>since WBC = normal

34
Q

Which protein is a kidney specific protein?

A

casts

35
Q

What do RBC casts indicate?

A

upper UT bleeding

==>usually from distal convoluted tubule

36
Q

What do WBC casts indicate?

A

upper UTI

37
Q

What is the MC cause of RBC casts in the urine of children?

A

untreated or improperly treated strep infxn

Visceral Disorders (3 decks)

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