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RUSVM Immunology Fall 2016 > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

A neutrophil is identified by the expression of ________ on their cell surface.

A

CD66

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2
Q

What type of cell contains azurophilic granules and secondary granules?

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

Which type of cells is identified by the expression of CD14, CD11b, or F4/80?

A

Macrophages

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4
Q

Which type of signals induce chemotaxis of macrophages towards the site of microbe entry?

A

SOS (danger) signals such as peptides, complement proteins, cytokines, and N-formyl-methionine

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5
Q

What type of cells are cytokines released from?

A

Macrophages

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6
Q

What is the function of interferons? What kind of cell are they release from?

A

Inhibit infection and replication of viruses

NK cells

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7
Q

What is responsible for increasing the temperature during inflammation and inducing acute phase proteins?

A

Interleukin 1

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8
Q

________ receptors enable macrophages to bind to microorganisms.

A

Fc

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9
Q

What has to occur before the Fc end on an antibody is exposed to macrophages?

A

An antibody must bind to an antigen.

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10
Q

The name of the most important complement system receptor that is found on phagocytes is the ________ receptor.

A

C3b

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11
Q

What are the two killing pathways used by macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes during an innate immune response?

A

Oxidative Pathway

Non-Oxidative Pathway

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12
Q

The non-oxidative pathway is dependent on __________, while the oxidative pathway is dependent on ____________.

A

lysosomal toxic substances;

generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen speies( RNS)

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13
Q

What substance sequesters iron thereby inhibiting bacterial growth during phagocytosis?

A

Lactoferrin

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14
Q

Which cytokine is responsible for the production of NO, which is toxic to microorganisms in the vicinity of phagocytes?

A

TNFalpha

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15
Q 
What do the following have in common? 
TLR
NLR
RLR
CLR
PRGP
A

These are the five classes of pattern like receptors which recognize PAMPs on microbes invading body.

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16
Q

What type of pattern like receptors is located on the host cell membrane as well as inside the host cell?

A

Toll like receptors

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17
Q

What are some important TLR? Why

A 
All recognize viruses 
TLR 3
TLR 7
TLR 8
TLR 9
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18
Q

What is the end results of signaling of Toll like receptors?

A

Production of proinflammatory cytokines

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19
Q

What are the PRRs called that detect viral RNA and are expressed in the cytoplasm of innate immune cells?

A

Rig Like Receptors

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20
Q

What type of pattern recognition receptors are expressed on the skin , bone marrow, and intestines of pigs?

A

PGRP receptors

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21
Q

If serum protein levels change during infections, what is this process called?

A

Acute Phase Response

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22
Q

Complement system proteins and C-reactive proteins are serum proteins that change in level during infection. What is another name for these proteins? Where are they synthesized?

A

Acute Phase Response Proteins

Liver

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23
Q

How are acute phase response proteins synthesized?

A

Proinflammatory cytokines like TNF alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 induced synthesis by acting on hepatocytes in the liver

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24
Q

B cells recognize ________ antigens while T cells recognize _________ antigens.

A

Extracellular

Intracellular

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25
Q

What does Th and Tc stand for?

A 
Th= Helper T lymphocytes 
Tc= Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
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26
Q

What makes natural killer cells very different from macrophages

A

They do not possess receptors that are generated through gene segment rearrangement

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27
Q

These cells originate in the bone marrow, migrate only when there is an inflammatory reaction, and can be found in the blood, spleen, and liver.

A

NK Cells

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28
Q

The cytokine IFNy is secreted by _________ and is important in the regulation of the _________ response

A

NK cells

Immune

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29
Q

What is another name for NK cells?

A

Large Granular Lymphocytes

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30
Q

How do NK cells become lymphokine activated killer cells?

A

Activated by the cytokines IL-2 and IFNy in vitro

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31
Q

What proteins are highly expressed on highly stressed cells that enable NK cells to recognize them?

A

MICA
MICB
RAE-1
H60

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32
Q

Activating signals induce the _________ of NK cell target cells while inhibiting signals induce the _________ of these cells.

A

Killing

Saving

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33
Q

How are normal, healthy cells saved from NK cells?

A

Their activating signals are blocked by inhibitory signals

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34
Q

If a cell is normal, it will express normal __________ molecules.

A

MHC class I

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35
Q

What are the NK cell receptors called that recognize MHC class I in humans, pigs, cattle, cats, and dogs?

A

KIRS

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36
Q

KLR are NK receptors that recognize MHC class I in which species?

A

Horses
Mice
Rats

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37
Q

What are some important activating receptors on NK cells that bind with ligands on target cells?

A

NKp46
CD16
NKG2D (KLR)

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38
Q

Is CD94/NKG2A an inhibitory or activating NK receptor?

A

Inhibitory

39
Q

WHich NK cell receptor recognizes stress proteins like MICA and MICB?

A

NKG2D

40
Q

T/F NK cells can recognize target cells through an antibody dependent pathway using CD20.

A

False: CD16 (Fc receptor)

41
Q

T/F NK cells can activate macrophages.

A

True

42
Q

Describe the relationship between CD16 and NK cells. What is the name for this phenomenon?

A

NK cells bind to antibodies that had previously binded on the antigen of an infected cell through CD16.
ADCC (antibody-dependent-cellular-cytotoxicity)

43
Q

What is the main mechanism by which NK cells kill target cells? What is the key part of this mechanism that allows killing?

A

Perforin-dependent mechanism
Perforin is released from granules which creates a lesion in the target tissue creating a channel where protease and granzymes enter to kill cell.

44
Q

What are the signs of acute inflammation in the correct order?

A 
Calor: Heat
Rubor: Redness
Tumor: Swelling
Dolor: Pain 
Functio laesa: Loss of function
45
Q

What are the three vascular responses during inflammation?

A

I: Vasoconstriction
II: Vasodilation (active)
III: Vasodilation (passive)

46
Q

When leukocytes (granulocytes and monocytes) move into the area of injury during inflammation, what is this called?

A

Cellular Inflammatory Response

47
Q

What are the four steps involved during the cellular inflammatory response?

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Rolling
  3. Migration
  4. Phagocytosis
48
Q

What type of molecules are needed in order to leukocytes to migrate out of the vasculature into the injured tissue?

A

CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)

49
Q

Selectins, Mucins, Integrins, and Ig superfamilys are all considered ____________.

A

Cell adhesion molecules

50
Q

What type of CAM binds to carbohydrate moieties found on mucin CAMs?

A

Selectins

51
Q

What are the three important selectins?

A

Selectin E, L and P

52
Q

What two CAMS are responsible for the rolling action of leukocytes along the endothelium?

A

Selectins and Mucins

53
Q

Integrins on leukocytes are paramount in what step of Leukocyte Extravasation?

A

Adhesions of Leukocytes to the endothelium

54
Q

What are some examples of vasoactive amines? What do they do?

A

Serotonin
Histamine
They cause increase vasodilation and permeability of capillaries during an inflammatory response.

55
Q

What substance contributes to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain and fever during inflammation?

A

Prostoglandins

56
Q

What is the purpose of C3a and C5a?

A

Complement proteins that increase vascular permeability during inflammation.

57
Q

What stimulates the release of acute phase proteins such as C-reactive proteins during inflammation?

A

IL-6

58
Q

What are leukotrienes and what do they do during the inflammatory response?

A

Slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis which cause smooth muscle contraction and attract neutrophils to the injured area.

59
Q

Name this substance: is generated from lipids complexes stored in cell membranes, induces platelet aggregation, activates neutrophils, attracts eosinophils, and causes the efflux of plasma proteins (edema).

A

Platelet activating factor

60
Q

Bradykinin _________ capillary permeability and also plays a role in _____ during inflammation.

A

Increases

Pain

61
Q

During what phase of the vascular response of inflammation would you see calor and rubor?

A

Phase II: Active Vasodilation

62
Q

A patient is currently experiencing a Phase III vascular response, what is occurring?

A

Passive vasodilation with tumor, pain, and impaired function

63
Q

Integrin…explain this shit.

A

It is a CAM which consists of an alpha and beta chain forming the binding site for another CAM called Ig superfamily.

64
Q

What are four phases of leukocyte extravasation?

A

Rolling
Activation
Adhesion
Transendothelial migration

65
Q

Inflammation is terminated by the up-regulation of molecules such as ____________ and _____________. In addition to the production of anti-inflammatory ____________ from granulocytes.

A

Interleukin I receptor antagonist
Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor
Lipotoxins

66
Q

During what phase of leukocyte extravasation do mucin CAMs on leukocytes bind to selectin E and P on entholiatlal cells?

A

Phase I: Rolling

67
Q

What occurs during the Phase II of leukocyte extravasation?

A

Cytokine and chemokine secretion by endothelial cells increases causing activation of leukocytes.

68
Q

During what phase of leukocyte extravasation do leukocytes squeeze through the endothelium with the help of homotypic binding of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1?

A

Phase 4: Diapedesis (transendothelial migration)

69
Q

The binding of C1q to the surface of a pathogen (antibody:antigen) starts which complement pathway?

A

Classical

70
Q

How is the Lectin complement pathway activated?

A

Binding of carbohydrate-binding proteins to carbohydrates on surface of the pathogen

71
Q

Give two examples of carbohydrate-binding proteins.

A

Mannose-binding lectin

Ficolins

72
Q

The binding of spontaneously derived plasma C3b to pathogen surfaces activates which complement pathway?

A

Alternative

73
Q

What is the main effector molecule of the complement system that acts like opsonins?

A

C3b

74
Q

What is C3a’s role in the complement pathway?

A

Mediates inflammation

75
Q

How is the membrane attack complex activated?

A

In the classical and lectin pathway, the C5b and the C5 convertase (C4b2a3b) generate the Mac formation. In the alternative pathway, C5b and the C5 convertase (C3bBb3b) do the same.

76
Q

What are the three main outcomes of the C3a and C5a proteins in the complement pathway?

A

Tissue Inflammation
Endothelial activation
Chemotaxis

77
Q

What is protolectin (CD59)?

A

It is a complement control protein responsible for preventing C9 from binding to the C5b678 complex inhibiting MAC formation.

78
Q

What protein is responsible for accelerating the decay of C3 convertase and contributing to the inhibition of complement in the alternative pathway?

A

Decay-accelerating factor (CD55)

79
Q

What binds to C3b in the alternative pathway in order to accelerate it’s decay?

A

Factor H and I

80
Q

What is the role of the C1 inhibitor protein?

A

It works within the classical and lectin complement pathways to inactivate C1r, C1s, and MASPs

81
Q

How does the complement system activate the adaptive immune system?

A

Due to opsonization, APC’s like dendritic cells are able to uptake microbes and B cells respond faster to the coated microbes.

82
Q

What are considered the most potent activators of the complement system?

A

IgM and IgG due to the fact that when they bind to an antigen, the Fc portion can bind to C1.

83
Q

In the alternative pathway, was is the C3 convertase stabilized by?

A

Factor P

84
Q

What cell can present antigen to naive CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells?

A

Dendritic Cells

85
Q

What kind of T cells do macrophages present antigen to?

A

Differentiated CD4 T cells during the effector phase of cell-mediated immunity

86
Q

Would B cells or dendritic cells present antigen to helper CD4 T cells during the humoral cell response?

A

B cells

87
Q

What are the two most important functions of APCs?

A
  1. Convert protein antigen to peptides and display peptide-MHC complexes to T Cells
  2. Co-stimulate T cells
88
Q

If an antigen is present in the acidic vesicular compartment of APC’s, what type of antigen presentation is this? What type of T cells will recognize these antigens?

A 
MHC class II restricted 
CD4
89
Q

Where would peptides be associated with MHC class II molecules during the antigen processing/presentation of pathway of endocytosed antigens?

A

In the endocytotic vesicles

90
Q

Where are peptides transported to that also serves as the location for the assembly of the peptide-MHC class I complex during the processing of cytosolic antigens?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum

91
Q

T/F B cell receptors interact with MHC molecules.

A

False

92
Q

What would happen if the CD3 complex did not interact with a T cell receptor?

A

The TCR would not be able to be expressed on the T cell.

93
Q

Each T cell has a TCR of only ________ specificity.

A

One

94
Q

A alphabeta TCR is MHC ___________ while a gammadelta recognizes antigen in a _________ manner.

A

Dependent

Independent

RUSVM Immunology Fall 2016 (3 decks)

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