Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Immunology Fall 2016 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

DC1 cells stimulate a _______ immune response in ________ cells.

A

cell mediated;

Th1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which type of dendritic cell stimulates Th2 cells and comes from lymphoid progenitor cells?

A

DC2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

No Interleukin-12 secretion comes from _______ cells and stimulates __________ immunity.

A

Th2;

humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of cell does Th17 cell originate from and what is the purpose of the Th17 cell?

A

Th0 cell;

promotes inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are Th17 cells activated?

A

Dendritic cells (when they recognise PAMPs) secrete IL-6, TGF-beta, and IL-23 which promote Th0 cells to differentiate into Th17 cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

IL-17 is secreted by _________ to promote ___________ by way of neutrophils.

A

TH17 cells

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are M1 macrophages activated? What do M1 macrophages release?

A

Classically
Th1 cells release IFN-Y and TNA-a to activate the macrophages.
They release IL-1,6,12,23, NO, and iNOS which produce inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are M2 macrophages activated? What do these macrophages release?

A

Alternatively
Th2 and Treg cells release IL-4,10, and 12 to activate the macrophages.
Cytokines that are critical for granuloma formation and wound healing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can T cells provide immunity to?

A 
Intracellular bacteria
Intracellular viruses
Fungi
Protozoa 
Tumors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two ways in which cytotoxic T cells can cause apoptosis in target cells?

A

Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CD96L-CD95, DISC, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, and effector caspases 3,6 and 7 are important for the _________ pathway in cytotoxic T cell apoptosis of target cells.

A

Extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the word used to describe when one cytokine has a different biological effect on different target cells?

A

Pleiotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does redundancy refer to when we are talking about cytokines?

A

Two or more cytokines exert the same effect on the same cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the word used to describe two cytokines that have a greater effect on a particular cell than the effect of an individual cytokine?

A

Synergistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What action would we say cytokines are exhibiting when one stimulates a cell to do something, like class switch from IgG to IgE, but then another cytokine inhibits that action?

A

Antagonistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A Th cell secreted IFN-Y which binds to a macrophages causing the release of IL-12 which binds to another Th cell and releases IFN-Y, TNF, and IL-2. What is going on here?

A

Cascade action of cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of TCR antigen binding chains?

A

TCR a/b and TCR y/omega

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many types of BCR antigen binding chains are there and what are they called?

A 
5
BCR alpha
BCR beta
BCR mu
BCR epsilon
BCR omega
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Within which type of cells is CD3 found?

A

All T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are mitogens and what do they do?

A

They are a substance that induces mitosis of cells. They can stimulate B and T cells to divide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which cells can trigger an immune response in Th cells from an exogenous antigen?

A

Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What components make up the C3 complex?

A

Five protein chains

Protein dimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which receptors on antigen presenting cells and T cell must bind to release the cytokines IL 1, 6, 8 , 12, TNF-alpha, and CCL3?

A

CD154 on Th cell presents and is binded to CD40 on APC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does a superantigen bind to on a TCR?

A

The beta chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the three transcription factors released once a TCR, antigen, MHC, and CD3 come together?

A
  1. NF-kb
  2. NF-AT
  3. AP-1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is ZAP-70?

A

A protein kinase that is activated by transcription factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does IL-2 do?

A

Promotes B cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which antibody can pass through the placenta?

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which antibodies are involved in classical complement activation? How about lectin?

A

IgG and IgM

IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which antibodies bind to macrophages and other phagocytes?

A

IgG
IgA
IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which antibodies have high affinity binding to mast cells and basophils?

A

IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where can you find IgA antibodies?

A

IgA are secreted and found in respiratory tract, urinary system, GI tract, and genital system (places with mucous).

33
Q

Where can you find IgE antibodies?

A

IgE are attached to mast cells in the skin and mucous

34
Q

Where can IgG antibodies be found?

A

Systemic and blood circulation

35
Q

Where are IgM antibodies found?

A

In the blood only because it is such a big molecule…can’t pass through barriers.

36
Q

From highest concentration to lowest plasma concentration, rank the antibodies.
“Great Men Are Doing Everything”

A 
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
37
Q

What is another name for antibodies except for IgM?

A

Gammaglobulins because they are within the gamma globulin fraction in serum proteins. Igm is a beta globulin.

38
Q

What are the two types of proteins located within the IgG antibody? How many?

A

Two light proteins chains (kappa or lamba..must have either two kappas or tow lambas..can’t mix)
Two heavy chains with three constant regions and one variable region in each chain.

39
Q

Which antibodies are important for inflammation?

A

IgG

IgE

40
Q

Which antibodies have a joining protein that binds two molecules of the antibody together in serum?

A

IgM

IgA

41
Q

Which antibodies are important for agglutination and opsonization?

A

IgG

IgM

42
Q

Which antibody has one more extra constant fragment on the heavy chain than IgG antibodies? What is it called?

A

IgM

CD4

43
Q

Which antibody does not have a hinge region?

A

IgM

44
Q

Which antibody has a very big hinge region and is missing disulphide bonds? Why?

A

IgD

Antibody more susceptible to fragmentation

45
Q

Where is the variation located that creates different isotypes and allotypes for antibodies?

A

The light chains

46
Q

Where is the variation located that creates different idiotypes?

A

The heavy chains

47
Q

In which region of BCRs is complement activated?

A

The CH2 region on the heavy chain (constant region attached by hinge region to CH3)

48
Q

In which region of BCRs can different cells bind to?

A

The CH3 region on the heavy chain

49
Q

What is the costimulatory signal transducing segment of a BCR called? What is is made of?

A

CD 79

Two proteins, alpha and beta dimers on each side of the receptor

50
Q

If a BCR has four constant domains on the heavy chains, which receptors could these be?

A

U( mu) or E (epsilon)

51
Q

How many constant domains on the heavy chains do alpha, gamma, and delta BCRs have?

A

3

52
Q

Once two cross-linked BCR’s occur, what is released that is involved in gene expression and transcription?

A

Transcription Factors;
NF-kb
NF-AT
NO AP-1 like in T cells

53
Q

Which cytokines are the most important for the activation, division, and differentiation of B cells and the production of different kinds of antibodies? What kinds of cell are they released from?

A

Il-4,5,6,13

Th2 cells

54
Q

Which types of cells can CD40 be found on? What receptor on Th cells do CD40 receptors bind to?

A

Professional Antigen Presenting Cells

B cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

CD154

55
Q

What is the difference between T dependent and T Independent immune responses?

A

T independent will only have primary immune responses with IgM, Th cell will not be involved, there will be no memory cells, and no immunoglobulin class switching.

56
Q

Where does the humoral immune response begin?

A

Germinal center of secondary lymphoid organs

57
Q

A ________ is a centroblast and a _________ is a centrocyte. Where are these located?

A

Dividing B cell
Resting B cell
Germinal center in paracortex of secondary lymphoid organs

58
Q

What are the three types of genes selected and found in a single chain of protein for receptors?

A

Variable (100s)
Joining (10s)
Constant ( Only one)

59
Q

If class switching is occurring with a BCR or an antibody, what is occurring at the genetic level?

A

The constant region gene is changing.

60
Q

Which BCR or antibody chain contains a diversity gene?

A

The heavy chain

61
Q

How many attempts do B cells have, through gene recombination, to code for a functional immunoglobulin? Where are these attempts made?

A

4 times

Twice on the kappa chain and once on the lambda chain of the light chains

62
Q

T/F Somatic mutations occur in TCRs and involve CDR1 and CDR2.

A

False: Somatic mutation only occurs in BCR’s due to TCR’s proponency to be highly self- reactive. CDR1 and CDR2 are formed by somatic mutation.

63
Q

How are TCR alpha, beta, lambda, and gamma chain selected?

A

Gene recombination of the variable region

64
Q

T/F: TCR and BCR gene selection process is identical?

A

True

65
Q

Which interleukins are involved in the inflammatory response?

A

IL 1, 6 and 12

66
Q

The increased activity levels of ______ cells, due to overproduction of _______ can lead to Type I Hypersensitivity. It involves an excessive amount of _______ and we usually refer to animals with this problem as being _________.

A

Th2
IL-4
IgE
Atopic

67
Q

So you see these receptors hanging out on a cell and you realize that they are FceR, FceRI, and FceRII. What are their purpose?

A

These are receptors located on mast cells and other non B cells and are for antibodies, specifically IgE. FceR has the highest affinity to IgE.

68
Q

Name this cell! They are found in intestine, skin , airways and around nerves and blood. They can bind IgE and release proinflammatory mediators.

A

Mast Cells!!!!

69
Q

What is the main difference in mast cells function depending on if the cell is located in connective tissue/skin versus lung/intestine?

A

In the skin/connective tissue, mast cells are longer lived, contain histamine, and contain heparin.

70
Q

How many IgE molecules do we need to cause degranulation of mast cells in a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

2

71
Q

What is the substance produced in a type I hypersensitivity response that can affect Th2 and mast cells as well as eosinophils and basophils stimulating the production of inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-33

72
Q

Why do certain chronic diseases cause type III hypersensitivity?

A

The disease continuously produces antigens inside the host’s body, increasing the production of antibodies and therefore, increasing the amount of immune complexes formed in the blood and tissues of the host.

73
Q

A memory T cell needs which cytokines to survive up to 15 years long? What is the other name for this type of cell?

A

IL-15 and IL-7

CD44+

74
Q

Which proinflammatory cytokines can produce toxic shock syndrome? Where do they come from?

A

TNF-alpha
IL-1
Superantigen binds to beta chain of a TCR

75
Q

TH1 cells are activated by________ and ________. These cells produce _______ and ________ which promote the cellular immune response through activating of cytotoxic T cells, inhibiting Th2 cells , macrophages, and NK cells.

A

IL-12
CD80
Il-2
IFN-y

76
Q

What is the difference between an antibody and a BCR?

A

An antibody is a soluble BCR…it is free fallingggggg and not attached to anybody. #unlikemeandvetschool

77
Q

Papain fragments BCRs into ______ Fab region (s) and ________ Fc region (s). Pepsin fragments BCRs into ________ Fab region (s) and ________ Fc region (s).

A

Two
One
One
Several

78
Q

Which part of BCR receptors determines what kind of antibody we are looking at?

A

The Fc region

RUSVM Immunology Fall 2016 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions