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Neuroscience > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

relay between CPU and rest of body, made of nerves and ganglia, divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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2
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary control

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary control

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4
Q

Central Nervous System

A

CPU, encased in bone, also covering by meninges. Protected by blood brain barrier, it filters and selectively allow small molecules like O2, glucose, some lipophilic molecules. Not present in PNS

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5
Q

What are the main functions of the nervous system

A

Cognitive functions

Sensory functions

Motor functions

Autonomic functions (digestion, circulation, excretion, respiration, etc.)

Psychological functions

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6
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

produced by choroid plexus. Function is buoyancy, shock absorber, removal of brain waste.

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7
Q

Neuron

A

Functional units of the nervous system, structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Responsible for information processing and communication.

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8
Q

Polarity

A

Heterogeneous distribution of cellular structures and functions among distinct compartments of cells.

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9
Q

Basolateral domain

A

Cell body and dendrites

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10
Q

Apical domain

A

Axon, axon terminals, synapses

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11
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

Exclusively Sensory (afferent)
Almost exclusively PNS, DRGs

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12
Q

Bipolar

A

Exclusively Sensory
Retina and olfactory epithelium

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13
Q

Multipolar

A

Most CNS neurons are multipolar
Motor (efferent) neurons
Interneurons
Autonomic ganglia

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14
Q

Afferent

A

coming in, sensory

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15
Q

Efferent

A

going out, motor

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16
Q

Dendritic spines

A

sites of Synapses with other neurons

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17
Q

Axolemma

A

plasma membrane of axon

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18
Q

Axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of axon, devoid of any nissl granules or golgi complex, dependent on transport of substances for survival

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19
Q

Axon hillock

A

conical elevation from where axon arises,information is summed up here and decides whether the sum of all incoming signals warrants an action potential

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20
Q

Initial segment

A

first 50-100 microns of the axon as it leave axon hillock, most excitable part of axon, containing densely packed voltage-gated ion channels, the site at which Action Potential originates

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21
Q

Myelin

A

Provides electrical insulation to axons, allows for fast (saltatory) conduction of electrical impulses

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22
Q

Cell Cytoskeleton

A

Provide structure and help in intracellular transport

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23
Q

Cytoskeletal transport

A

Transport of organelles, secretory material, vesicles, membrane precursors, mitochondria, etc using cytoskeletal structures

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24
Q

Anterograde (Kinesin)

A

Rapid transport – 100-400mm/day – transport membrane and transmitter proteins

Slow transport – 0.1-3mm/day – cytoskeletal proteins

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25
Q

Retrograde (Dynein)

A

Intermediate (150-200mm/day) – growth factors, NTs for recycling

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26
Q

Dendrites

A

Usually multiple and frequently branched, Synapse with axon terminals, Conduct impulses towards the cell body, Do not actively propagate action potentials, instead uses local potentials to transmit information towards cell body

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27
Q

Axons

A

Typically only one per cell, synapse with dendrite spines, and muscle cells (neuromuscular junction), Actively propagate Action potentials away from cell body,

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28
Q

Functions of Astrocytes

A

Structural framework for the nervous system, nutrition to neurons, Store glycogen in cytoplasm, release glucose and lactate to surrounding neurons

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29
Q

Phagocytotic cells

A

glial scars after injury, not always helpful, can create physical barriers and cause pain.

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30
Q

Astrocytes and the role in chronic pain

A

astrocytic hypertrophy around synapses of pain pathways potentiate and prolong pain sensation

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31
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Responsible for formation of myelin sheath of nerve fibers in CNS

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32
Q

Microglia

A

Resident macrophages or immune cells of the CNS, Efficient processes for scanning, Immediate first line of defense against infectious agents in the absence of antibodies from the rest of the body.

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33
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line cavities of brain and central canal of spinal cord

Involved in production, secretion and circulation of CSF.

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34
Q

Synaptic potentials

A

between nerve endings

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35
Q

Receptor potentials

A

at receptor endings

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36
Q

Triggering of an Action potential and threshold stimulus

A

Starts at the initial segment (area with dense Na+ ion channels)

Threshold stimulus (-70mV to -55mV)

37
Q

Spatial summation

A

Multiple weak stimuli results in significant depolarization

38
Q

Temporal summation

A

Multiple weak stimuli in rapid succession results significant depolarization

39
Q

Local potential amplitude

A

small, graded

40
Q

local potential effect on membrane

A

Either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

41
Q

local potential propagation

A

passive

42
Q

Local potential Ion Channels Responsible for change in Membrane Potential

A

Postsynaptic membrane: ligand-gated ion channels

Sensory neuron end-receptor: modality-gated ion channels

43
Q

action potential effect on membrane

A

depolarizing

44
Q

Action potential amplitude

A

Large, all-or-none

45
Q

Action potential propagation

A

active and passive

46
Q

action potential Ion Channels Responsible for change in Membrane Potential

A

Voltage-gated ion channels

47
Q

Myelination

A

Helps action potential travel faster – using saltatory conduction, helps action potential travel a longer distance.

48
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

axon terminal 1 slightly depolarizes axon terminal 2, Ca2+ influx, the AP of 2 causes more Ca2+, more than normal amounts of vesicles released

  • intensifies pain sensations when pt concentrates
49
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

axon terminal 1 slightly hyperpolarizes axon terminal 2, AP of 2 causes less Ca2+ influx, less vesicles released, when therapist asks pt to focus on a task to block thoughts of pain

50
Q

Glutamate

A

Principle excitatory NT of CNS, open sodium channels, associated with learning and memory.

51
Q

Glycine

A

Inhibitory, opens chloride channels, Low levels of glycine – seizures, unwanted skeletal contractions

52
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

Major excitatory NT in PNS. Also found in CNS.

Can be fast-acting (on nicotinic receptors – ligand-gated) or slow acting/longer lasting (on muscarinic receptors - GPCR)

53
Q

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

Inhibitory in CNS, opens chloride channels

54
Q

Glutamate: Effect of binding on brain

A

Excitation; learning and memory

55
Q

Glycine: effect of binding on spinal cord

A

Inhibition

56
Q

GABA: effect of binding on CNS, spinal cord

A

Inhibition; sedation, antianxiety, antiseizure, and sleep inducing

57
Q

Dopamine

A

Promotes feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation – influences motor activity, cognition, behavior, drives activities that lead to reward

58
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

Increase attention, vigilance
Fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system

59
Q

Serotonin

A

Arousal, alertness, cognition, low levels associated with depression

60
Q

Long-term potentiation and depression

A

Best known cellular physiological substrate for experience-dependent plasticity, learning and memory

61
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

converts weak/silent synapses into strong/active synapses

62
Q

long-term depression

A

converts strong/active synapses into weak/silent synapses

63
Q

Propagation of information through neurons

A

Electrically – through the neurons
Chemically – between them – using synapse
Using membrane ion channels
open and close in response to specific stimulus

64
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

At resting state, K+ more on the inside, Na+ more outside

K+ ion channels open at resting state, Na+ channels closed

K+ diffuses outside, down concentration gradient

Until counteracted by equal and opposite electrical gradient, which establishes electrochemical equilibrium (-80mV)

65
Q

sequence of events at a synapse to transmit information

A
  1. Action potential reaches presynaptic terminal
  2. calcium enters presynaptic terminal
  3. vesicles moves toward release site
  4. presynaptic terminal releases neurotransmitter
  5. neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic membrane receptor
  6. membrane channel changes shape and ions enter postsynaptic cell
66
Q

Changes in ion channels for propagation of action potential

A

A: Resting potential
-Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels closed

B: Threshold potential
- Voltage-gated Na+ channels OPEN and Na+ enters the axon, beginning to depolarize the axon

C: Depolarization
-More voltage-gated Na+ channels OPEN. Na+ rushing in depolarizes the membrane. Na+ channels close 1 ms after opening

D: Repolarization
-Many voltage-gated channels K+ channels OPEN, K+ exits, taking positive charges out of the axon.

E: Hyperpolarization
-Voltage-gated K+ channels remain OPEN. K+ continues to leave the axon, restoring the polarized membrane potential.

67
Q

EPSP: Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

When NT binding to receptor causes local depolarization.

68
Q

IPSP: Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

When NT binding to receptor causes local hyperpolarization

69
Q

Baclofen

A

(GABAb agonist) - reduces excessive muscle tone, hyperpolarizes motor neurons (reduces Ach release from them), used as a common anti-spastic medication

70
Q

Diazepam, barbiturate

A

GABA agonists - used to treat anxiety, seizures

71
Q

Cymbalta (duloxetine)

A

blocks reuptake of norepinephrine - antidepressant

72
Q

Prozac (fluoxetine)

A

blocks reuptake, enhances serotonin activity in synapses, antidepressant

73
Q

Golgi type I

A

Long axon, Pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells, they project their information to distant far away places of the body using their long axon.

74
Q

Golgi type II

A

Short axon, local, and they influence information processing in their neighboring area

75
Q

MRI contraindications

A

metal implants, pacemaker, cochlear implants, claustrophobia

76
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan

A

Measures metabolic activity through blood flow, glucose metabolism and O2 consumption, invasive technique

77
Q

2 kinds of synaptic receptors

A

Ligand-gated ion channels – fast responses

G-protein-coupled ion channels – slower responses

78
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels

A

Receptor (binding site of ligand - NTs) and the ion channel are part of the same complex

79
Q

G-protein-coupled ion channels

A

Receptor/ligand is separate from the ion channel, Have messenger proteins called ‘G-proteins’ attached to the receptor, which gets activated upon NT binding, Slower opening of ion channels using G-protein subunit

80
Q

Extrasynaptic receptors

A

Neuromodulators usually bind to these receptors, also use G-proteins but here it activates a second messenger. Have a slower, more profound, longer-lasting and more global effect, can also amplify incoming signals

81
Q

Second messengers act in what various ways?

A

Prolonged opening of ion channels

Activation of genes to alter NT production

Release internal stores of Ca2+ to regulate metabolic processes

82
Q

Agonists of Acetylcholine

A

Nicotine

83
Q

antagonists of Acetylcholine

A

Atropine, Botulinum toxin

84
Q

Agonists of GABA

A

Alcohol
Benzodiazepines (including Valium)
Barbiturates
Epilepsy drugs
Baclofen

85
Q

Antagonists of GABA

A

−Phencyclidine

−Strychnine: convulsions, spams, respiratory paralysis

86
Q

T1-weighted CSF

A

Dark

87
Q

T2-weighted CSF

A

Bright

88
Q

T1-weighted inflammation, infection, or demyelination

A

Dark

89
Q

T2-weighted inflammation, infection, or demyelination

A

Bright

Neuroscience (4 decks)

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