Exam Final Collective Flashcards
This deck will not be accurate for further philosophy classes due to the switches HE makes.
a posteriori knowledge
Something known as a result of an experience
a priori knowledge
A something that is known prior to, or without, necessary experience
abduction
making a probable conclusion from what you know.
What are the three tests for truth?
Correspondence, coherence, pragmatic.
Fallacy
An error in reasoning
Philosophy
Is nothing less than taking a carefully critical and questioning view of the world
What are the truths?
Synthetic, Analytical, Necessary
Induction
reasoning that involves getting a gerneral conclusion from specific observations.
Sound argument
A deductive argument that is valid and has only true premises.
Valid argument
(Deductively valid) an argument that follows established truth preserving rules.
Class Definition for Philosophy
Love for wisdom.
Class Definition for Wisdom.
Knowledge rightly applied.
List and define four (4) topical divisions of philosophy.
Metaphysics - What is Real?
Epistemology - What is Reasonable?
Ethics - What is Good?
Aesthetics - What is Beauty?
List the four (chronological) periods of philosophy in order & their area of interest.
Ancients - Ontology
Medievals - Theology
Moderns - Epistemology
Post-Moderns - Language
What are three (3) skills needed for Philosophy?
- Analysis
- Assessment
- Argument
Components of an Argument
Form and Content
What are the three major types of logic discussed in class?
Deductive, Inductive, and Abductive.
What are the 2 Major Divisions of Metaphysics?
- What is the nature of reality?
- What are the basic ways of being?
Materialists
The world, at its base, is only made of physical stuff
Immaterailists
The world is ultimately organized, so the world is ultimately laws.
Monist
That which makes up the universe is reducible to a single item
Pluralist (Dualist)
That which makes up the universe is reducible to many (two) items
Cosmology
The study of the universe
Cosmogony
The study of the origins of the universe
Virtue
The means by which the good is reached.
What are the 4 Socratic Virtues?
Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, and Justice.
Artistotle divided the virtues into what two categories?
Moral Virtues and Intellectual Virtues
Plato’s Major Contribution
Was foundational in establishing the integrated philosophical enterprise.
What, according to Plato, are the two metaphysical components?
Form & Matter
Aristotle was the first to ______________________ in philosophy.
Distinguish branches of inquiry
What are the four Aristotelian Causes?
MATERIAL CAUSE, EFFICIENT CAUSE, FINAL CAUSE, and FORMAL CAUSE
What are the five Aristotelian Powers of the Soul?
NUTRITIVE, APPETITIVE, SENSITIVE, LOCOMOTIVE, and RATIONAL
What are the seven functions of the mind?
- Memory
- Language
- Imagination
- Will
- Reason
- Percieves
- Emotions
________ and ________ had a famous disagreement concerning the nature of space and time.
Newton and Leibniz
Leibniz’s _______ can be created or destroyed but not by any “natural” means.
monads
Animism
Everything is alive
Teleology
We all have a purpose and goal.
Ontology
The study of being.
Pantheism
Everything is God
Empiricism
the philosophy that demands that all knowledge, comes from experience.
Rationalism
the philosophy that is characterized by its confidence in reason,
Locke says our minds begin as a…
blank slate
List Locke’s three (3) categories of mental content
Sensation, ideas, and quality
____________ and ____________ believed that there are no substances.
Berkeley and Hume
Effect
A result or outcome caused by a particular action or event.
Cause
The view that our experiences (our sensations and ideas) are the effects of physical objects acting upon our sense organs.
Perception
A kind of knowledge, sense experience.
List the order of the philosophers left to right. (PDLBHKN)
Plato –> Descartes –> Locke –> Berkeley (Top), Hume (Bottom) –> Kant –> Nietzsche
What are the four justifications for forming a true belief?
Normative answers
Naturalistic answers
Skepticism
Virtue epistemology
Hume takes _________________ to be the central idea of all reasoning
causation
Descartes contribution
Descartes contribution to philosophy was establishing rationalism and the foundational principle of modern philosophy. He coined the statement “Cogito, ergo sum,” which means “I think, therefore I am.”
