Exam Dos Flashcards
1
Q
what did Issacs and Lindenmann demonstrate
what year
what virus did they use
A
normal cells produce antivirals
1957
flu
2
Q
IFNs are chemical messenger proteins called _____
A
cytokines
3
Q
how many types of IFNs are there
what are they called
A
3
type 1, 2, 3
4
Q
why interferon type is described and give examples:
- antiviral & antitumor activity
- upregulates immune response
- antiviral activity
A
- type 1: IFN-a, IFN-b
- type 2: IFN gamma
- type 3: IFN lambda
5
Q
what is the importance of the Type 1 IFN pathway
A
slows down progression of a viral infection
6
Q
what are the steps to activating the type 1 IFN pathway
A
- gene expression of IFN a/b
- IFN a/b bind nearby cellular receptors and trigger 2,5 oligo (A) synthase, ribonuclease, protein kinase
- cells are in antiviral state
- dsRNA activates oligo and kinase
- oligo activates ribonuclease
- kinase phosphorylates EIF2-p
7
Q
are the three enzymes produced by the type 1 IFN pathway initially active
A
no
8
Q
what happens when protein kinase phosphorylates EIF2-p
A
translation is inhibited for the host and virus
9
Q
are IFNs a part of the adaptive or innate immune response
A
innate
10
Q
how long does the viral dsRNA need to be to activate the type 1 IFN pathway
A
at least 30 nucleotides
11
Q
what are the (2) things that IFNs do
A
- directly interfere w/ viral replication in host cells
2. upregulate immune response
12
Q
more than ____ interferon-stimulated genes w/ direct antiviral activity have been indentified
A
20
13
Q
what type of kinase is PKR
A
serine and threonine kinase
14
Q
how have some viruses evolved to avoid the IFN1 pathway
A
bind PKR to inactivate it
bind and sequester dsRNA
15
Q
how did the first IFN medications go
why
A
poorly!! there were lots of unanticipated side effects
there were contaminants
16
Q
what did Hans Strander do in 1974
A
treated cancer using purified IFN
17
Q
what bacteria was used to produce purified IFN
A
E. coli
18
Q
which populations are most vulnerable to infection
A
the elderly and newborns
19
Q
what type of immunity do deficiencies and malnutrition affect
A
innate and adaptive
20
Q
t/f: glucocorticoids can suppress the immune response
A
true
21
Q
t/f: hormone therapies can lead to an increased risk for viral infections
A
true
22
Q
____% of population is resistant to HIV
A
5
23
Q
____ is a key co-receptor for HIV
A
CCR5
24
Q
what is a normal T helper cell titer
A
1000 Th/uL
25
what is an hallmark of HIV infections
opportunistic infections
26
why do opportunistic infections happen in the midst of an HIV infection
because of decreased immunity by decreased Th cells
27
what is host range
the range of cells that can act as a host for virus
28
what can lead to species resistance
virus-receptor interactions (so viruses can't bind)
| incompatible host factors (don't support viral replication)
29
_______ ie (______) immunity protects us against any potential pathogen, regardless of the species or type of microbe
nonspecific
| innate
30
Name that immunity:
| trapping of viruses by mucus and phagocytes in mucosal tract
mechanical immunity
31
Name that immunity:
| engulfing and ingesting viruses infected cells
phagocytosis
32
which cells contain pattern-recognition receptors
neutrophils
macrophages
monocytes
33
what do pattern-recognition receptors recognize on viruses
pathogen associated molecular patterns
34
what is the default setting for Natural Killer cells
| what is the end result of invoking NK cells
to kill unless told otherwise (ie from normal cells)
| death
35
how do NK cells recognize viral infected cells or tumor cells
these cells have a declined expression of certain surface molecules
36
t/f: viruses cannot trigger apoptosis
false!
| they sure can
37
when is apoptosis good during an infection
when it happens EARLY in infection bc it limits virus production
38
how can apoptosis be bad during in an infection
it can promote release of the virus if it happens later in the infection
39
how long does it take for specific immunity to kick in
days to weeks
40
what cells are part of the adaptive immune response
antibodies/ b cells
| t cells
41
Identify that antibody:
- found in blood and tissues, high abundance
- found in mucous and saliva
- 1st antibody made which indicates a recent or current infection
IgG
IgA
IgM
42
which antibody typically lasts for a very long time
IgG
43
what 2 ways do antibodies help fight viruses
-neutralize by binding free virus
-bridge virus particles together in aggregates for easier elimination via WBC
-
44
what is the key to controlling viruses BEFORE they infect cells
antibodies
45
when is IgM at its highest concentrations
around 10 days-2 wks
46
when do IgG concentrations spike
around 15 days into an infection
47
____ recognize cells that contain foreign antigens and assist other cells
T cells
48
what are the 3 Tcell populations and what do they do?
Cytotoxic (killers)
Helper (release cytokines)
Regulatory (control immune response)
49
cells that process antigens and present them to adaptive immune cells
give an example!
antigen presenting cells
| dendrites
50
list the ways viruses can evade immune response (6)
- rapid mutation to escape neutralizing antibodies
- latency and mimicry
- excessive soluble viral antigen production
- inactivating cytokine signals
- inactivate immune cells
- block cellular pathways
51
Vaccines _____ immunization and (are/ aren't) the same thing
cause
| aren't
52
what are the 2 traditional vaccines
live attenuated
| inactivated
53
what are some of the problems with traditional vaccines (6)
- shelf life limitations
- low yield
- improper attenuation/activation
- reversion of attenuated virus
- not all can be cultivated
- not all viruses can be prevented
54
what are the 4 new generation vaccines
- mRNA
- protein only
- DNA vaccines
- virus vectors
55
what is a virus vector vaccine
a significant gene gets genetically engineered into harmless virus
56
where do enteroviruses typically grow
intestines
57
what type of genome (big or small; envelope or no; rna or dna) does an enterovirus have
how are they transmitted
small, nonenveloped, +ssRNA
| oral-fecal route
58
There are over __ human enteroviruses ___ of which don't cause disease. ___ of them lead to recognizable associated infectious diseases.
70
50
20
59
which dynasty does polio date back to
18th
60
New York City in what year was one of the worst in recorded history for polio
how many deaths
1916
| 6000
61
What year did Enders, Robbins, and Welter cultivate poliovirus in human tissue
1949
62
what led to polio vaccine production
ability to grow in monkey kidney cells
63
Was it inactivated or attenuated?
1st polio vaccine?
2nd?
inactivated
| attenuated
64
what season does polio cases rise
summer months
65
what is the average incubation period for polio
| how long does it last in fecal matter
6-20 days
| 3-6 weeks
66
___% of polio cases are asymptomatic
95
67
t/f:
| polio can be shed in feces and transmitted to others via asymptomatic carriers
true
68
what is a hallmark symptom of polio
malaise
69
Less than __% of all poliovirus infections lead to major illness like flaccid paralysis, neuron inflammation and destruction
1
70
how long is recovery for major polio illness
2 year to never
71
what are the three major illnesses associated with polio
spinal
bulbar
bulbospinal
72
Name the major polio illness:
asymmetric paralysis (occurs on one side)
lower paralysis in the legs
spinal
73
Name the major polio illness:
muscle weakness
inability to talk or swallow
requires iron lung/respirator
bulbar
74
Name the major polio illness:
| combination of spinal and bulbar paralysis
bulbospinal
75
what kind of pressure does the iron lung create on the diaphragm? what pressure does a respirator use? Why is the iron lung better
negative
positive
> natural; less stress on the lungs
76
1. __ - __ % of post poliomyelitis syndrome occurs in individuals that recover from paralytic poliomyelitis
2. how long does occur after polio infection on average
3. more common in men or women
25-40
36
women
77
what is the hypothesized cause post poliomyelitis syndrome?
how can it be treated?
neurons get infected with polio and degenerate and die over a long time period
manage pain/fatigue and physical and occupational therapy
78
what family is polio a member of
| genus?
picornaviridae
| enterovirus
79
```
what size is polio virus genome
+ or - ssRNA
diameter of virus
what is the virus shape?
enveloped or nonenveloped
```
```
7-8 kb
+
30 nm
icosahedral
nonenveloped
```
80
t/f: polio is an acid-stable virus
true
81
what 3 things can inactivate enteroviruses
bleach
hydrochloric acid
heat 50 C or 122 F
82
at what temperature do enteroviruses remain stable for several days to weeks
4 C or 39.2 F
83
what 6 things are enteroviruses resistant to
- pH lower than 3
- protease digestion
- detergents
- 70% alcohol
- lipid solvents
- disinfectants
84
how is polio grown up in labs (4 steps)
1. isolate from poop
2. replicated in human or monkey kidney cells
3. detect changes by noting cytopathic effects
4. determine which serotype it is using neutralization assays
85
similar structure but has different antigens that are attacked by different antibodies
serotype
86
how many polio serotypes are there
| how can you tell them apart
3
| they each have different cytopathic effects
87
what are the natural hosts of poliovirus
humans and nonhuman primates
88
what two lymphoid tissues are invaded once polio is ingested
peyer's patches
| tonsil
89
where does polio replicate and what secondary infection can it lead to
peyer's patch
| meninges and blood
90
how does poliovirus attach to host cells
| how does it enter the cell
poliovirus receptor- CD155
| receptor mediated endocytosis
91
describe the poliovirus genome (5' end, 3' end, site for ribosome)
VPg
poly A tail
tRNA like structures
92
what are the primary viral capsids for polio
VP 1-4
93
which end of the terminal houses the structural proteins and which houses the nonstructural proteins for polio
5'
| 3'
94
what is the primer for replication in polio
VPg
95
what organelle does polio replicate in
vesicles
96
how does polio avoid the type 1 IFN pathway
sequester dsRNA inside vesicles
97
What year Dr. Jonas Salk develop an inactive trivalent vaccine?
How did he grow them?
What did he inactivate it with
oral or injected
1953
monkey kidney cells
formalin
injected
98
What year did Albert Sabin develop an attenuated trivalent vaccine?
what was a major concern
oral or injected
1957
that it would revert back and cause illness
oral
99
which type of vaccine leads to longer lasting immunity and why
attenuated
| bc it is a living virus that can still replicate an stimulate immune response
100
how do you attenuate the polio virus
passage it through monkey testicular cells or intracerebral passages in rhesus monkeys, isolating it from poop, and feeding it back to them
101
what does the oral polio vaccine have the potential to cause
vaccine associated paralytic polio
102
There are four dose periods for the IPV. What are they?
2 months
4 months
6-18 months
booster @ 4-6 years
103
what was the unrealized goal of WHO in 1988
eradicate polio by year 2000
104
t/f: polio has an animal reservoir
false
105
does polio withstand mutations well
no, one mutation and it attenuates itself
106
t/f: 3 polio serotypes are genetically unstable
false
107
respiratory illnesses account for __-__% of enterovirus associated infectious diseases
14-21
108
how many serotypes are there of rhinovirus
over 100
109
where is rhinovirus replication restricted to
cells in the respiratory tract
110
t/f: IPV is inefficient in preventing viral spread
true
111
what genera is rhinovirus found in
enterovirus C
112
what is the optimal temperature for rhinoviruses
33 C
113
rhinovirus causes ___% of colds
50
114
what is the incubation period for rhinovirus
| what day can it be transmitted
12-72 hours
| 1 day prior, 5 day post symptoms
115
what genus houses Hepatitis A
| what family?
Hepatovirus
| picornaviridae
116
do rhinoviruses come with a fever
no!
117
which hepatitis virus is the least serious
A
118
```
Tell me about Hepatitis A:
acute or chronic?
how is it transmitted?
contagious or nah?
how is it spread?
incubation period?
is death common? what is the cause typically?
```
```
acute
fecal-oral
highly contagious
contaminated food and water or raw shellfish
4 weeks
no, it's rare; preexisting liver disease
```
119
when can you shed Hep A virus
up to 2 weeks
120
what is a hallmark symptom of Hep A
jaundice
121
```
Name that family:
+ssRNA
naked
icosahedral
VPg on 5' and poly A on 3'
genus: norovirus
```
caliciviridae
122
what is the genome size for caliciviridae
| what is the diameter
8 kb
| 35-40 nm
123
cup or goblet
calici
124
what cause 1/2 of food-borne gastroenteritis
| *give genus and species
```
norovirus (genus)
norwalk virus (species)
```
125
where are the 3 most likely places to catch norwalk virus
restaurant
nursing homes
cruise ships
126
what is the incubation period for norwalk virus
| when does illness set in?
12-48 hours
| 1-2 days
127
```
Name that family:
+ssRNA
5' cap and poly A tail
enveloped w/ spikes
icosahedral
has 1 genus and 1 species
```
matonaviridae
128
what is the size of the matonaviridae capsid? why
| what size is the genome
70-80 nm
because it has an envelope
10 kb
129
what is the one genus under the family matonaviridae
| species?
rubivirus
| rubella virus
130
how many copies of the spike protein are found on the surface of matonaviridae viruses
is the spike protein a monomer or dimer
3
| dimer
131
how is rubella virus transmitted
via the respiratory system
132
what is a hallmark symptom of rubella
rash starting on face that moves downward via the blood
133
what is a serious complication of rubella virus
| when can it cause serious fetal defects
congenital rubella syndrome
| if contracted during 1st trimester
134
what type of vaccine is MMR
trivalent live attenuated vaccine
135
how many orf does polio have
| how many does rubella have
1
| 2
136
```
Name that family:
+ssRNA
no poly A tail
5' cap
enveloped
```
flaviviridae
137
what two genera fall under the family flaviviridae
flavivirus
| hepacivirus
138
what two species fall under flavivirus
dengue virus
| zika virus
139
what is the genome size of flaviviridae
| virus size
10-12 kb
| 40-60 nm
140
is there a vaccine for dengue fever
| how is it controlled
nope
| control the mosquito populations
141
how much of world is at risk of dengue fever infection
1/3
142
how many serotypes are there of dengue fever
4
143
t/f: you are safe from the other three serotypes if infected with one serotype of dengue
false
144
___% of those who recover from dengue fever get dengue hemorrhagic fever. __% of those people then develop DSS which is fatal.
0.05
| 5
145
why is there no dengue fever vaccine
because they enhance infection by contributing to antibody-enhanced uptake of the virus
146
when was the first norwalk virus and where
1968
| norwalk, ohio
147
when was zika discovered
where
when was the first human case
1947
zika forest, uganda
1952
148
what did walter reed discover
yellow fever transmitted by mosquitoes while building the panama canal
149
what does flavi mean
yellow
150
can zika travel across the placenta
| when is it dangerous
yes
| during the first trimester
151
what is a fetal defect caused by zika
microencephaly
152
how is zika transmitted (3)
mosquitos
sex
blood transfusions
153
when did zika first appear in the US
| when was the biggest US outbreak
2015
| 2016
154
what viral species is found under hepacivirus
hepatitis C
155
what was hepatitis C originally called
non A-non B hepatitis
156
how is Hep C transmitted
blood transfusions/sharing needles
157
in the 1970s what percent of blood transfusions were infected with Hep C. What did it drop to when people stopped getting paid to donate blood.
21
| 10
158
what is the most common reason for liver transplants
Hep C
159
what are hallmark symptoms of Hep C
dark urine
| clay-colored stool
160
Hep C can be short lasting but __ to ___ cases are chronic
70-85
161
why is it difficult to make a Hep C vaccine?
| can it be treated
there are 6 genotypes and several subtypes
| yes antivirals
162
what do antiviral treatments target and when should they be taken
inhibit viral protease OR inhibit RdRp
| early
163
t/f: Hep C antivirals protect against re-infection
false; they do not
164
what are the 4 coronavirus genera
alpha
beta
delta
gamma
165
```
Which genera do I belong to:
229E
NL63
--------------
SARS-CoV 1
COV-2
MERS
OC43
HKU1
```
alpha
| beta
166
what are 3 main symptoms of coronaviridae
respiratory
enter
neurological
167
what are the 5 structural proteins of coronaviridae
```
spike
membrane
envelope
nucleocapsid
hemmagglutinin-esterase
```
168
where does replication take place for rubella virus
viral factories in endosome membrane surface
169
TALKING CARD:
| discuss rubella virus replication
*see notes*
