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exam cram Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a grid

A

a grid is a network of vertical and horizontal lines on a map or a glob used for locating places

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2
Q

what a geographic grid

A

a geographic grid is the internationally recognized system of latitude and longitude used to locate positions on the earths surface

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3
Q

define equator

A

the equator is an imaginary line that runs horizontally through the centre of the earth dividing it into the northern and souther hemisphere

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4
Q

what is the 0 degree latitude and is equidistant from the north pole and south pole and used as a reference point for latitudes

A

equator

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5
Q

describe heat zones briefly

A

heat zones have developed on earth due to difference in insolation at different latitudes

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6
Q

describe the three heat zones

A

torrid zone: recieves direct rays of the sun and is the hottest zones, extends from tropic of cancer to the tropic of capricorn
temperate zone: sun is never directly overhead and rays are inclines, has a mild climate ranging from warm to cool, found between tropic of cancer and arctic circle in the northern hemisphere, found between tropic of capricorn and antarctic circle in southern hemisphere
frigid zone: remains frozen and is the coldest part of earth. in northern hemisphere, it lies between arctic circle and north pole, in southern hemisphere it lies between antarctic circle and south pole

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7
Q

define longitudes

A

Longitudes represent the east-west location of a place on the surface of the earth

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8
Q

why is standard time more scientific than local time

A

local time varies from meridian to meridian, creating confusion of time when one travels, covering multiple longitudes
to avoid confusion countries follow a uniform time based on central longitude of the country
the local time of that longitude is accepted as the countries standard time thus is it more scientific

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9
Q

why are time zones necessity for some countries

A

some countries have large east-west longitudinal extent leading to a larger time difference between parts of the country.
One standard time zone is impractical therefore multiple are needed

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10
Q

why is equator the only great circle among latitudes

A

a great circle is any circle whose centre meets with the center of the earth dividing into 2 halves. The equator is the only latitude which does so.

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11
Q

which longitude is considered as the idl.

A

the idl coincides with 180 degree longitude but deviates at places to avoid confusion

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12
Q

where does the idl pass thru?

A

it passes from one pole to the other through the pacific ocean

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13
Q

give 3 points of difference between latitude and longitude

A

latitudes represents north-south location of a place while longitudes represent east-west location of a place
latitudes are measured 0 to 90 degrees while longitudes are measured 0 to 180 degrees
latitudes represent heat zones and longitudes represent time zones

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14
Q

give 3 points of difference between equator and prime meridien

A

equator is the longest latitude, prime meridien is used as a reference for other meridians
equator is at 0 degree latitude while the prime meridian is a meridian at 0 degrees
equator divides the world into northern and southern hemisphere while prime meridian divides world into eastern and western hemisphere

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15
Q

give 3 points of difference between local time and standard time

A

local time is based on natural phenomena like the movement of the sun while standard time is based on central longitude of country
local time does not change if one stays in the same place while standard time is the official time of the whole country.
local time varies by 4 minutes for every degree of longitude while places on the same longitude have different standard times

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16
Q

give 3 points of difference between IST and GMT

A

indian standard time is the standard time in india while gmt is the reference through which other zones are measured
ist is 5 and half hours in front of gmt, gmt is accepted by all countries
ist passes through mirzapur, near allahabad in up, gmt passes through greenwich, england

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17
Q

define the prime meridian

A

a line of longitude which is 0 degrees, used as a reference for other meridians of longitude which is east or west of it, divides the world into east and west hemispheres.

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18
Q

define the idl

A

an imaginary line running north to south through the pacific ocean and coincides with the 180 degree longitude

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19
Q

define longitudes

A

angular distance of a location that it makes with the centre of the earth.

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20
Q

why are latitudes known as parallels of latitude

A

this is because they run horizontally to each other

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21
Q

why are latitudes and longitudes expressed in angles

A

if we draw a line from the centre of the earth to a spot it will give an angle

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22
Q

why is the distance of 1 degree difference in latitude 111 km

A

the circumference of the earth is 40000 km, the equator is a great circle and the circumference of the great circle equals to 360 degrees,hence the distance is 40000/360 = 111km

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23
Q

why is the torrid zone hotest

A

because it receives direct rays of the sun

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24
Q

why is the region beyond arctic cold

A

this is because it lies in a region which receives extremely slanted rays of sunlight

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25
Q

why are longitudes called meridians

A

because meridian is midday and when the sun is overhead at a longitude it is midday for that longitude.

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26
Q

why is the difference in time between gmt and ist 5 hrs 30 mins

A

this is because ist is 82.5 e based on this meridian it is calculated that the IST is 5 hrs 30 mins ahead

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27
Q

why does the usa have 5 timezones

A

this is due to the vast east-west longitudinal extent so one time timezone would be impractical due to the large time difference

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28
Q

why is the IDL not a straight line

A

it zigzags in order to avoid splitting countries into 2 days.

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29
Q

what are the different layers of the earth

A

outer silicate solid crust, viscous mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core

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30
Q

how do the layers of the earth differ from each other

A

differ by size, chemical composition and density

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31
Q

what is the cause of increase of temperature in the interior of the earth

A

the temp. within the earth increases by 1 degree for every 32 m of descent

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32
Q

what is the composition of the earth

A

crust of earth is composed of rocks rich in silicates, aluminium and magnesium

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33
Q

distinguish between SIAL and SIMA

A

the upper layer of the crust (sial) called continental crust is made up of rocks rich in silicates and aluminium. The lower layer of the crust (sima) called oceanic crust is made up of rocks rich in silicates and aluminium

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34
Q

what is mohorovicic discontinuity

A

the boundary the mantle from the crust

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35
Q

briefly describe upper mantle

A

low velocity zone made of molten ultrabasic rocks, comprised mainly of silica and iron. called the asthenosphere which is 100km beneath the earths surface

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36
Q

briefly describe lower mantle

A

made up of solid ultrabasic rock, is dense and highly rigid, mainly contains iron and silica

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37
Q

mention 3 characteristics of the earths core

A

outer core has properties of liquid while inner core has properties of solid
has average temperature of 5500 degrees
mainly contains iron and nickel and is dense

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38
Q

why are rocks found in a molten state in the interior

A

due to extreme temperature

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39
Q

why is the lithosphere a solid layer of the earth

A

because it is the topmost layer made up of solid rocks

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40
Q

why is sial less dense than other layer

A

it forms the continental land that floats on a sea of dense sima

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41
Q

why is inner core solid

A

due to immense pressure

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42
Q

why do plates move on the crust of the earth

A

because they are placed above a semi molten layer of rocks

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43
Q

define an earthquake

A

sudden tremors felt on the surface of the earth

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44
Q

what is seismicity

A

type and size of earthquakes and their frequency over a period of time

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45
Q

define seismology

A

the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the earth

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46
Q

define seismologists

A

geophysicists who study earthquakes and the mechanical characteristics of the earth

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47
Q

define seismologist epicenter

A

the point on the earth directly above the focus is the earthquakes epicentre

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48
Q

what is the difference between a seismometer and a seismograph

A

an instrument which measures the intensity of seismic activities, when seismic activities are recorded on a graph paper, it is called a seismograph

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49
Q

what are the different scales used for measuring earthquake

A

richter and mercalli scale

50
Q

Explain the causes of an earthquake.

A

Folding and Faulting: Tectonic movements cause folding and formation of mountains, plateaus, etc. This pressure building inside the earth increases stress along the line of weakness and causes the rocks to break. This is called faulting. The energy accumulated due to such movements can cause vibrations and earthquakes.
Volcanic Eruptions: The volcanic eruptions are mostly violent and cause vibrations in the Earth’s crust. This can lead to earthquakes.

51
Q

explain the 4 causes of earthquakes

A

folding and faulting: tectonic movements cause folding and formation of mountains, plateau etc. this pressure building inside the earth causes rocks to break. the energy accumulated can cause earthquakes

volcanic eruptions: they are mostly violent and cause vibrations in the earths crust leading to earthquakes

plate tectonics:movement of plates in the lithosphere can lead to earthquakes

landslides and avalanches also cause earthquakes

52
Q

describe 4 destructive effects of an earthquake

A

loss of property: earthquakes destroy human structures and pipelines may get damaged too
loss of life: earthquakes take thousands of live
change in course of rivers: impact of earthquakes may cause change in rivers course

tsunamis: earthquakes in seabed can cause tsunamis

53
Q

explain 2 constructive effects of an earthquake

A

emergence of coastal plains: earthquakes can create new coastal plains by uplifting ocean floors, this plains can become fertile

earthquakes can form bays inlets and gulfs which are sites for port, harbour and fishing activities

54
Q

explain the geographical distribution of earthquakes

A

they are concentrated in 2 belts

circum-pacific earthquake belts: includes all coastal areas around pacific ocean, accounts for 68 percent of earthquakes

mid-world mountain earthquake belt: starts from the alps and passes through turkey, iran, iraq, the himalyas. 31 percent of earthquakes happen here

55
Q

why is volcanic activity common in fold mountain regions

A

this is because in the fold regions, the crust is unstable

56
Q

why are floods associated with earthquakes

A

as earthquakes may cause rivers to change its course leading to floods

57
Q

why is soil liquefaction a destructive effect of earthquake

A

it causes granular materials to be saturated with water and temporarily lose their strength transforming into liquid state leading to tilting or sinking of structures

58
Q

why do earthquake and volcanic belts coincide

A

because plate movement in lithosphere causes volcanic activities and earthquakes

59
Q

what is meant by a rock

A

solid combination of more than one naturally occuring mineral

60
Q

what is meant by minerals

A

solid formations occurring naturally in earth

61
Q

which rock forms when magma solidifies below surface of earth

A

igneous rocks

62
Q

what are the two types of igneous rocks based on occurrence with exampkes

A

extrusive eg- basalt, intrusive eg- granite

63
Q

what are 2 types of igneous rocks based on chemical composition with examples

A

acid igneous rock eg- granite, basic igneous rock- basalt

64
Q

how are sedimentary rocks formed

A

sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition of sediments, grains or particles from other rocks deposited in low-lying areas.

65
Q

list 3 uses of sedimentary rock

A

petroleum is in sedimentary rocks
they provide iron ore, phosphates, building stones and materials to make cement
source of rich alluvial soik

66
Q

how are metamorphic rocks formed

A

under heat and pressure, the other 2 rocks get partially or completely changed in terms of structure to form metamorphic rocks

67
Q

describe the structure of metamorphic rocks

A

hard rocks with closely banded structure with interlocking of crystals

68
Q

what are the uses of metamorphic rock

A

gneiss is used in construction
quartzite is used to make glass
graphite is used to make pencil and batteries

69
Q

give 3 points of difference between extrusive and intrusive rocks

A

intrusive rocks are formed when magma cools inside the crust while extrusive rocks are formed when magma solidifies on the surface,
intrusive rocks have large crystals while extrusive rocks have small crystals
cooling of intrusive rocks rakes longer time than extrusive rocks

70
Q

mention three characteristics of igneous rocks

A

hard, compact, massive
contain crystals
rich in minerals

71
Q

give 3 points of difference between basic and acid igenous rocks

A

basic- lesser percentage of silica and higher percentage of oxides
acidic- high percentage of silica and lesser percentage of oxides
basic- dark and dense
acidic- less dense and light in color
basic- magma erupted is less viscous and flows a long distance before solidifying
acidic- magma erupted is viscous and flows for a short time before solidifying

72
Q

explain the formation of chemically formed sedimentary rocks

A

formed when dissolved minerals precipitate and deposit in water bodies.

73
Q

mention 3 features of sedimentary rocks

A

formed in layers
are porous and allow water to pass thru them
dont have crystals

74
Q

differentiate between thermal and dynamic metamorphism give examples

A

when rocks undergo changes under high temperatures to form a new type of rock it is called thermal metamorphism eg- coal changes to graphite

when rocks undergo changes under pressure at depths to form a new type of rock it is called dynamic metamorphism. eg- clay changes into schist

75
Q

briefly describe rock cycle

A

igneous rocks formed on the surface get denuded and the material is deposited in low lying areas

these materials become compact and hard forming sedimentary rocks

these rocks under great heat and pressure change to metamorphic rocks which in turn get denuded to form sedimentary rocks or may melt to form magma which solidifies to become igneous rocks.

76
Q

why are igneous rocks called parent rocks

A

because both sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are formed from them

77
Q

why do extrusive igneous rocks have fine grains

A

because they cool and solidify faster

78
Q

why are intrusive igneous rocks also called plutonic rocks

A

coz theyre formed at great depths

79
Q

why are acid igneous rock formed of viscous magma

A

because of high percent silica

80
Q

why do basic igneous rocks form plateaus and shields

A

because the magma erupted is less viscous and flows longer before solidifying

81
Q

why are sedimentary rocks called strata

A

because they are formed in layers

82
Q

what are the 2 motions of the earth

A

rotation and revolution

83
Q

define axis

A

imaginary line passing thru the centre of the earth and joining the 2 poles

84
Q

what is the shape of the orbit

A

imaginary curved elliptically shaped path

85
Q

briefly explain rotation and revolution

A

rotation is the spinning of the earth on its own axis, it causes day and night and one rotation takes 24 hrs

revolution is the movement of the earth around the sun, one revolution takes 365 1/4 days. it causes change in seasons

86
Q

what is the inclination of the earth

A

the tilt of the axis at an angle of 66.5 degrees from the plane of orbit and 23.5 degrees from the perpendicular plane of orbit

87
Q

what is the direction of earths rotation

A

counter clockwise direction from west to east

88
Q

how long is a year actually

A

365 days

89
Q

what is a leap year

A

every fourth year a day is added to february to combine all those 6 hours

90
Q

what is circle of illumination

A

imaginary line that demarcates the day of the earth from night

91
Q

define solstice and equinox

A

solstice means the sun is standing still, the tropics are the limits of the suns movement to the north and south of equator

equinox is the equal distribution of days and nights when sun is overhead at equator

92
Q

what is the importance of velocity of rotation

A

it causes the middle of the earth to bulge out which has resulted in a special shape of the earth called the oblate spheroid

93
Q

mention 3 effects of the rotation of the earth

A

it causes day and night
it has led to the oblate spheroid shape of the earth
deflection or air and ocean currents are result of the coriolis effect caused by it

94
Q

explain the effect of the tilt of the earth on day and night

A

the earths axis is tilted to one side while travelling around the sun, this inclination causes the northern and southern hemisphere alternately to tilt to the sun for 6 months thus a large part of the side facing the sun faces it longer leading to longer days

95
Q

explain summer solstice and winter solstice

A

the summer solstice is when on 21 june the sun is directly over the tropic of cancer when there and longer days and shorter nights over the northern hemisphere. During this time the northern hemisphere are inclined towards the sun and the southern hemisphere is inclined away and the northern hemisphere receives direct rays

winter solstice- the sun is directly over the tropic of capricorn on 21 december, the southern hemisphere receives maximum heat and light. The days are longer than nights in the southern hemisphere because the southern hemisphere receives direct rays of the sun as it is tilted towards the sun

96
Q

explain spring equinox and autumnal equinox

A

spring equinox- on 20 march the sun is vertical over the equator and the poles arent inclined towards or away from the equator this days and nights are equal everywhere

autumnal equinox- on 22 september the sun is vertical over the equator and the poles arent inclined towards or away from the equator this days and nights are equal everywhere

97
Q

what is perihelion

A

the point closes to the sun on earths orbital path

98
Q

what is aphihelion

A

point farthest from sun on earths orbital path

99
Q

what is the cause of perihelion and apihelion

A

the earths orbit is elliptical but the sun does not lie at the centre of the ellipse so the distance between the earth and sun varies during revolution

100
Q

why does the speed of rotation decrease from the equator towards the poles

A

because the earth is spherical in shape and the length of latitude decreases from equator to poles

101
Q

why is the point on the equator a few kilometres more distance from the centre of the earth than the poles

A

due to velocity of rotation

102
Q

why does rotation cause day and night

A

when the earth rotates on its axis, the side of the earth facing the sun experiences day while the other side experiences night

103
Q

how does rotation create standardized time zone

A

there are 24 time zones, one for each hour of rotation

104
Q

why is norway the land of midnight sun

A

because the sun never sets during summer and is visible at midnight too

105
Q

why does australia celebrate christmas in december

A

this is because when the northern hemisphere is in winter, it is summer for the southern hemisphere so 25th december is in summer for australia

106
Q

why does the equator experience overhead sun twice a year

A

first when the sun is moving from the equator to the tropic of cancer and the 2nd time when the sun turns back to the equator after summer solstice.

107
Q

what is a volcano

A

conical mountains possessing a crater or vent through which lava fragments of rocks and gasses erupt from the crust

108
Q

what are different gases emitted by volcanic eruption

A

carbon dioxide, sulphurated hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and other volatile substances

109
Q

list 5 causes of volcanic eruption

A

earthquake,
plate tectonics
weak zones where earth is unstable
temperature increases with depth under surface of earth
presence of gases and water vapour inside earth increases heat and pressure

110
Q

list 3 features of acid and basic lava

A

acid-

  • rich in silika and poor in iron and magnesium
  • highly viscous and flows for short distances
  • eruption is explosive and produces steep sided cones as it solidifies in vent

basic-

  • rich in iron and magnesium but poor in silica
  • fluid in nature and flows for long distances
  • produces flat shields and quit explosions
111
Q

what are the two types of volcanoes based on frequency, explain

A

active- eject volcanic materials frequently or has erupted recently
dormant- erupted in the past and are dormant in the present

112
Q

what is intrusive and extrusive landform

A

extrusive- formed when magma reaches the surface to solidify and form different landforms
intrusive- formed when viscous lava is unable to reach surface and solidifies in cracks or fissures

113
Q

list 4 constructive effects of volcanoes

A

source of geothermal energy
provides us with rocks like granite which r useful in construction
gemstones like ruby are formed by crystallization of magme
creates rich and fertile black soil

114
Q

list 4 destructive effects of volcanoes

A

destroys life and property
volcanic ash can make it impossible to breathe
some gases like co2 and sulphur dioxide are hazardous to health and can cause headache fatigue and more
lead to high sea waves which leads to drowning

115
Q

what are the 2 most important volcanic regions or belts in the world

A

circum-pacific belt or ring of fire and mid-world mountain belt

116
Q

explain subduction and subduction zone

A

around the pacific ring of fire, the pacific plate collides and slides under other plates, the process is called subduction and the area nearby is the subduction zone

117
Q

list 2 important volcanoes and their location

A

mount fuji in japan

mount mayon in phillipines

118
Q

why are rocks found in a molten state in the interior of the earth

A

because of very high temperatures in the interior of the earth

119
Q

why are volcanoes usually found in belts of young fold mountains

A

because the crust there is unstable

120
Q

why is acid lava viscous in nature

A

because it is rich in silica

121
Q

why is the circum-pacific belt also known as the ring of fire

A

because it comprises over 75 percent of the worlds volcanoes

geography (2 decks)

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