Exam Content (NO LABELLING/ DIAGRAMS) Flashcards
(237 cards)
List the functions and classifications of bones and bone tissue
Bone tissue:
- Support: skeleton is the structural framework for the body
- Protections: protects many internal organs
- Movement: together bones and muscles produce movement
- Mineral homeostasis: bones store and release minerals (Ca2+, phosphate)
- Blood cell production: within certain bones
Name and list the functions of the major cellular organelles, membranes and structures.
Organelles-
- Ribosomes:
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Golgi Apparatus:
- Mitochondria:
- Lysosomes:
- The cytoskeleton:
Membranes (containing protein groups)-
- Transporters:
- Receptors:
- Enzymes:
Importance of mitochondria and ATP generation within human cells?
Generator of the cell, play role in aging and many mitochondrial diseases
ATP generation: Transport of proteins and lipids into and out of the cell.
List the major tissue types of the body and list the constituents of each tissue
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nerve
Describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of bone
Macroscopic=
- Compact bone: hard and dense, external part of bone (cortex)
- Spongy bone: sponge-like framework, arranged in a pattern to resist stress and strain
Microscopic=
- Osteoprogenitor cell: Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum, turns into osteoblast
- Osteoblast: Bone-forming cells
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix
- Osteoclasts- Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix
Describe difference between compact and spongy bone
Compact bone= (hard and dense)
- Osteon is the structural unit
- weight bearing
- contains: lamellae, Lacunae, Canaliculi, Central canal and Perforating canals
Spongy= (sponge-like framework)
- consists of trabeculae ‘beams or rods’ and does not contain osteons
- redbone marrow fills spaces between the trabeculae
- resist stress and strain
Describe bone development and growth
Embryonic development=
- Development requires both types of ossification.
- Ossification doesn’t begin until after 4 wks gestation, with clavicle being the first bone to begin ossification.
- by 12 wk of age there are 275 bones!
Bone growth=
- Interstitial growth: Increases length of long bones
- Appositional growth: Increases thickness and remodelling of all bones
Explain regulation of calcium in the body
When blood calcium levels fall below normal there are two main hormones the body secretes:
- PTH (parathyroid hormone)
- Calcitriol
Describe the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, contributing factors and treatment/prevention.
Osteoporosis= loss of bone mass and increased porosity of the bone
Causes= age, reduced PA, Endocrine disorders, genetics, nutritional state, medications (steroids) and post menopausal.
Treatment/ Prevention=
- Calcium, Vitamin D, and fluoride supplements
- Hormone (esrogen) replacement therapy slows bone loss
- Diet (increase dairy products)
- Increase wieght-bearing exercise throughout life
- Limit coffee, smoking and alcohol
Identify the anatomical position and define the main anatomical terms
Anatomical Position:
- standing upright
- facing observer, head level
- eyes facing forward
- feet flat on floor
- arms at the sides
- palms turned forward (ventral
Anatomical Terms: Superior – Towards the head (top) Inferior – Away from the head (bottom) Proximal – Towards the trunk Distal – Away from the trunk Posterior/dorsal – Towards the back Anterior/ventral – Towards the front Medial – Towards the middle Lateral – Away from the midline
Describe the body planes and axes
Planes
- Sagittal= left and right
- Coronal/ frontal= front and back
- Transverse= upper and lower
Axes
- Frontal/ coronal
- Sagittal
- Vertical
List the different types of joints and name an example for each
Hinge: knee, elbow, ankle and interphalangeal joints
Pivot: supination and pronation
Ball and socket: shoulder and hip joint
Condyloid: wrist, between metacarpals and phalanges (metacarpophalangeal)
Plane: thumb joint, sternoclavicular, Inner ear
Saddle: thumb, sternoclavicular joint and Inner ear
Describe movements
Flexion/extension Adduction/abduction Circumduction Pronation/ supination Planta flexion/ dorsi flexion Inversion/ eversion Elevation/ depression Protraction and retraction
Common joint problems
Joint disorders=
Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Name the bones of the wrist and hand
carpal bones nonmonic
Carpal (8) Metacarpal (5) Proximal phalanges (5) Intermediate phalanges (4) Distal Phalanges (5)
carpal bones
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle
(bottom (left-right), top (left-right))
What are fractures and dislocations?
Fracture= broken bone or bone fracture occurs when a force exerted against a bone is stronger than it can structurally withstand. Dislocation= A fall on an abducted and externally rotated arm
Define the key landmarks and muscle attachment sites on the bones of the pelvis, femur and tibia
Scapula landmarks: 3 fossa= shallow depression 3 angles= corners 3 borders= edges 2 processes= outgrowth or protuberance 2 tubercles= small projection 1 cavity= hollow
Attachment sites:
femur= Greater trochanter, Gluteal tuberosity, Linea aspera
pelvis= fovea capitis to the acetabulum of the pelvis
tibia= lateral malleolus
Differences between male and female pelvis
Female pelvis: Adapted for childbearing Light and thin Shallow false pelvis Large, circular pelvic brim Acetabulum faces anteriorly Pubic arch is greater than 90
Male Male pelvis Adapted for strength and speed Heavy and thick Deep false pelvis Small, heart shaped brim Acetabulum faces laterally Pubic arch is less than 90°
Define the joints of the lower limb
Pelvic girdle
Thigh
Leg
Ankle and foot
Describe the different arches of the foot and their function
- Longitudinal arch
lateral and medial arches - Transverse arch
formed by tarsals and bases of metatarsals
Curvatures of the spine
Cervical (7) - neck -Secondary Thoracic (12) -thoracic cage - Primary Lumbar (5) - lower back - Secondary Sacrum (5 fused) - pelvis - Primary Coccyx (4 fused)- tail bone
Difference between C1, C2 and the other cervical vertebrae
C1= No body or spinous process, anterior and posterior arches and two lateral masses C2= Dens projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas
One vertebral and two transverse, slender and often bifid (C2-6)
Disorders of the spine
- Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of spine
- Kyphosis: excessive curvature of the thoracic spine posteriorly
- Lordosis: Excessive curvature of the lumbar spine anteriorly
Describe structure and components of the thoracic cage
componens:
- sternum
- ribs
- costal cartilages
- thoracic vertebrae
structure:
Enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs
Play a role in breathing