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Science > Exam (Chemistry, Biology, Optics) > Flashcards

Exam (Chemistry, Biology, Optics) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the pH scale and what does it measure?

A

pH scale is used to determine how acidic or basic a substance is. Measures the number of H+ ions in the solution and where the solution falls between 1-14. 1 is the most acidic, 14 is the most basic, 7 is neutral.

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2
Q

Acid (define, properties, disassociate)

A

Are compounds that contain hydrogen and that form a H+ ion when dissolved in water.
Properties: taste sour, react with metals, good conductors, pH between 1-7.

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3
Q

Base (define and properties)

A

Are compounds that contain OH- molecules and that form OH- ions when dissolved in water.
Properties: taste bitter, good conductors, react with proteins to break into smaller pieces, pH 7-14.

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4
Q

What have we done to reduce the affects of acid rain?

A

We have added a base to neutralize an acid when there is an acid spill. Liming lakes also help to neutralize an acidic lake. Liming is a bunch of crushed up base (limestone is one) and it is dumped into the lake.

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5
Q

4 types of chemical reactions

A

Synthesis- A + B = AB
Decomposition- AB= A + B
Single Displacement- AB + C = AC + B (reaction only happens if C is more reactive)
Double Displacement- AB + CD = AD + CB

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6
Q

Law of Conservation

A

The mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products. (Balancing equations, both sides must be equal) (Reactants on first half, products on the other)

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7
Q

Anion and Cation

A

Anions are negatively-charged atoms (more electrons than protons from gaining one or more). Cations are positively-charged atoms (more protons then electrons due to losing one or more).

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8
Q

Ionic compound (define and properties)

A

Is a metal and a non-metal combined.
Properties: crystal structure, rough texture, high melting point, dissolves easily in water, good conductors.

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9
Q

Covalent compound (define and properties)

A

Is two non-metals combined.
Properties: smooth structure/feel, low melting point, bad conductors, don’t dissolve in water.

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10
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Separates the inside of the cell from outside and controls the flow of materials into and out of cell.

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11
Q

Cell Wall (plants)

A

Tough structure that lays outside of cell membrane and provides support.

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls all cell activities and contains chromosomes.

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long strands of DNA

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14
Q

Vesicles

A

Sacs that transport/store materials and help them pass the cell membrane to enter or exit.

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15
Q

Chloroplasts (plants)

A

Trap energy from the sun, make glucose (sugar), then send to mitochondria to be broken down and power the cell.

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell. Energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities.

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17
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Empty space in the cell and holds cytosol, orgenelles, and other life supporting materials.

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18
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Connected to the nucleus and are channels that transport materials made in the cell.

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19
Q

Ribosome

A

Help produce proteins that make up a cell’s structure and are required for activities needed for cell survival.

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20
Q

Vacuole

A

Contain water and other materials. Store or transport small molecules.

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Filaments and tubes that provide structure for the cell.

22
Q

Golgi Body

A

Sorts and packages proteins to transport out of the cell.

23
Q

Animal cells

A

Animal cells are round for mobility. Have many small vacuoles to facilitate the movement of substances in and out of the cell and carry/store waste, water, nutrients.

24
Q

Plant cells

A

Plant cells are rectangles for structure. Have a cell wall that provides structure, shape, support and protection. Have chloroplasts because they can’t get their sugar from eating food, like animals, make sugar from sun (photosynthesis). Have 1 or 2 really large vacuoles that store water.

25
Q

List the stages of mitosis in the order that they occur.

A

PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.

26
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear in order to get chromosomes out of the nucleus. Spindle fibres form. Each chromosome contains two strands called sister cromatins held by centromere.

27
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Centrosomes reach opposite ends of cell.

28
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres pull apart the chromosomes, moving them to opposite ends of the cell. Pulls them to the centrosomes.

29
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle fibres disappear. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear. Chromosomes get thinner.

30
Q

Interphase

A

First stage of the cell cycle where the cell performs its normal functions and replicates its DNA.

31
Q

4 organs of a plant and their functions.

A

The roots - connect the plant to soil for stability and strength. Collect water from the ground and transport it to the stem. Stores food. Roots have hairs that project, providing for easy absorption of water and nutrients.
The leaves - conducts photosynthesis, which is a process that converts CO2, water and sun energy to make O2 and glucose.
The stem - moves water and nutrients throughout the plant
and supports the leaves and flowers.
The flower - reproductive organ of a plant that produces seeds, which are like the eggs, by sexual reproduction. Female part is called a pistil and male is called the stamen.

32
Q

Hierarchy of systems in the body

A

Cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

33
Q

Describe how blood flows in and out of the heart. (Correct terminology).

A

Blood enters the heart into the right atrium where it is stored for a moment. Then it flows to right ventricle which pumps to the lungs. Blood from the lungs returns to the heart and enters the left atrium and stores it briefly. Then flows to left ventricle which pumps blood to the rest of the body. *Both atriums pump at the same time and both ventricles pump at same time.

34
Q

Describe main organs in the respiratory system and their functions.

A

Nasal cavity - space behind the nose where air collects to go down the trachea.
Trachea - tube that connects pharynx to the lungs.
Lungs - the two spongy air filled sacs that contain bronchus, bronchioles, and alveoli. Lungs are not a muscle.
Bronchus - two main passage ways into the lungs. As soon as these tubes split AGAIN they’re called bronchioles. They get smaller and smaller until they reach the end where alveoli are.
Alveoli - the destination of air that’s breathed in. Are tiny air sacs surrounded by blood vessels and is where O2 and CO2 are exchanged with the blood.
Diaphragm - muscle that’s attached to the lungs and causes them to expand and contract to bring in and push out air.

35
Q

Main organs in the digestive system and their functions.

A

Mouth - teeth chop and grind food and the tongue moves food to back of the mouth to be swallowed.
Esophagus - connects pharynx (which has an epiglottis and that is a flap that makes sure food goes down the esophagus) to the stomach and it is a muscle that moves food down.
Stomach - mechanically breaks down food by churning. Chemically breaks down food with (hydrochloric acid breaks down food and bacteria, pepsin breaks down proteins).
Small intestine: first meter - digestive enzymes enter small intestine from the gall bladder and pancreas. Also mechanically breaks down food by churning. 2-5 meters are where nutrients/waste are exchanged with the blood stream through microvilla.
Liver - produces bile which breaks down fats. Also removes toxins and stores vitamins and sugars for energy.
Large intestine - includes the colon, rectum, and anus. Indigestible food/waste move from small to large intestine. Water and vitamins are absorbed into the blood stream. Waste passes into rectum and is discharged through anus.

36
Q

Incandescent light

A

These objects emit light because they are hot. Ex. Incandescent light bulbs.

37
Q

Fluorescent light

A

When a gas is excited by an energy source and the gas emits light when the electricity runs through it. Ex. Neon lights.

38
Q

Phosphorescent light

A

These objects emit light when excited and the light continues to be emitted after the source of light is removed. Ex. glow in the dark objects.

39
Q

Chemiluminescent light

A

These objects emit light because of a chemical reaction. Ex. glow sticks.

40
Q

Bioluminescent light

A

Living organisms that release light because of a chemical reaction. Ex. Fireflies.

41
Q

The Law of Reflection

A

The angle of incidence (oi) equals the angle of reflection (or), and the incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal to the surface, all lie in the same plane.

42
Q

Four characteristics of an image

A

Size - is the image smaller or larger than the object.
Attitude - is the image upright or upside down in comparison to the object.
Location - is the image closer or further from the mirror.
Type - is the image real or virtual (virtual forms dotted lines behind the mirror, and the image is behind the mirror)

43
Q

Difference between tissues, organs, and organ systems.

A

Tissues - a group of specialized cells working together to perform a specific function.

Organ - a group of specialized tissues working together to perform a specific task.

Organ systems - a group of specialized organs working together to perform a specific function.

44
Q

Characteristics of an image in a plane mirror.

A
  1. Is virtual (forms behind mirror)
  2. Is upright
  3. Image is the same size as object.
  4. Distance of image from the mirror is the same as the object’s distance.
45
Q

Real vs. Virtual

A

Real forms in front of the mirror.

Virtual forms behind the mirror and has dotted lines.

46
Q

Concave mirror

A

Reflected surface bends toward the light source or object.
Parallel light rays that strike the mirror will reflect through the focal point.
Characteristics of image depend on location of object.

47
Q

Convex mirror

A

Reflected surface bends away from light source.
Characteristics are always smaller, closer, upright, virtual.
You can see a larger area.
Parallel light reflect as their reverse extensions go through the focal point.

48
Q

What is the name of point where parallel light rays go through concave mirror?

A

The focal point.

49
Q

Concave mirror uses in society.

A

● make up mirrors
● dentist mirrors
● microscope/telescope
● fun house mirror

50
Q

Convex mirror uses in society.

A

● security mirror in the corner of stores
● passenger side mirrors
● mirrors to look around corners in hallways, driveways, etc
● extra mirror in cars when pulling a trailer.

51
Q

What is refraction of light?

A

Refraction is the change in direction of light due to a change in the light waves speed when it travels from one medium to another. When light travels at an angle, from one medium to another, the difference in speed causes the direction of light to change.

52
Q

Why does light bend toward normal when going from less to more dense?

A

When light hits a new medium, at an angle, it causes the light to bend. Light will bend toward the normal (parallel line) when it goes from less to more dense. The reason this happens is because some particles of light will strike the new medium before others do, and they will slow down, while the others stay at their original speed. Slower particles will pill up on the faster particles, causing them to change direction.

Science (5 decks)

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